# BeaverCheck Audit Report — https://epfl.ch
**Date:** April 21, 2026
**URL:** https://epfl.ch
**Overall Grade:** C (74/100)
**Report:** https://beavercheck.com/results/3c82fd00-3ce0-46c9-a11f-a7ef13e3452c
## Top Findings
1. **[CRITICAL]** Content-Security-Policy header is missing — Security > Security Headers
2. **[CRITICAL]** No Content-Security-Policy header found — Security > Content Security Policy
3. **[CRITICAL]** 1 button(s) with no accessible text — Accessibility > Link & Button Quality
4. **[CRITICAL]** 1 link(s) with no accessible text — Accessibility > Link & Button Quality
5. **[CRITICAL]** 3 image-only link(s) without alt text — Accessibility > Link & Button Quality
---
## Lighthouse Scores
| Category | Score |
|----------|-------|
| Performance | 58 |
| Accessibility | 97 |
| Best Practices | 96 |
| SEO | 83 |
---
## Security
### Security Headers (F — 20/100)
*1 of 10 headers properly configured*
- **[WARNING]** HSTS is missing includeSubDomains — Without includeSubDomains, subdomains can still be accessed over HTTP.
- **[WARNING]** X-Content-Type-Options header is missing — This header prevents MIME-type sniffing, which can lead to XSS attacks. Set it to 'nosniff'.
- **[WARNING]** X-Frame-Options header is missing — This header prevents clickjacking by controlling who can embed your page in a frame. Set it to DENY or SAMEORIGIN.
- **[WARNING]** Referrer-Policy header is missing — Controls how much referrer information is sent with requests. Set to 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin' or stricter.
- **[WARNING]** Permissions-Policy header is missing — Controls which browser features (camera, microphone, geolocation) are allowed. Set it to restrict unused features.
- **[CRITICAL]** Content-Security-Policy header is missing — CSP is the most important header for preventing XSS attacks. See the CSP section for detailed analysis.
- **[WARNING]** Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy header is missing — COOP isolates your browsing context, preventing cross-origin side-channel attacks. Set to 'same-origin'.
- **[WARNING]** Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy header is missing — COEP prevents loading cross-origin resources without explicit permission. Required for SharedArrayBuffer and high-resolution timers.
- **[PASS]** X-Powered-By header is not present
- **[WARNING]** Server header reveals version information — The Server header discloses the software version, aiding attackers in targeting known vulnerabilities. Remove the version number.
### Content Security Policy (F — 0/100)
*No enforcing CSP policy found*
- **[CRITICAL]** No Content-Security-Policy header found — CSP is the most effective defense against XSS attacks. Add a Content-Security-Policy header to restrict resource loading.
### TLS & Certificates (A+ — 100/100)
*TLS 1.3, 7 checks passed*
- **[PASS]** TLS 1.3 is used
- **[PASS]** Strong cipher suite is used
- **[INFO]** HTTP/2 is not negotiated — HTTP/2 provides multiplexing and header compression for better performance.
- **[PASS]** Certificate is valid (expires in 209 days)
- **[PASS]** Certificate chain has 3 certificates
- **[PASS]** Certificate uses modern signature algorithm
- **[PASS]** Certificate covers 3 domain(s)
- **[PASS]** Certificate is issued by a trusted CA
### Cookie Security (A+ — 100/100)
*1 cookies analyzed, 3 checks passed*
- **[PASS]** Cookie 'c87123de3ed5564b6720ebc581445005' has the Secure flag
- **[PASS]** Cookie 'c87123de3ed5564b6720ebc581445005' has the HttpOnly flag
- **[PASS]** Cookie 'c87123de3ed5564b6720ebc581445005' has SameSite=None
---
## Advanced Security
### Subresource Integrity (D — 40/100)
*2 of 16 external resources have SRI*
- **[WARNING]** External script from www.googletagmanager.com lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External script from www.googletagmanager.com lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External link from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External link from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External link from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External link from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External link from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External link from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External script from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External script from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External script from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External script from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[PASS]** script from cdnjs.cloudflare.com has SRI protection
- **[PASS]** script from umami.fsd.epfl.ch has SRI protection
- **[WARNING]** External script from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
- **[WARNING]** External script from www.epfl.ch lacks integrity attribute — Without SRI, if this CDN is compromised, attackers could inject malicious code.
### JS Library Vulnerabilities (A+ — 100/100)
*No known vulnerabilities*
- **[PASS]** No known JavaScript library vulnerabilities detected
### Information Leakage (A+ — 100/100)
*No exposures*
- **[PASS]** security.txt is present — good practice
- **[PASS]** No sensitive files exposed
### Email Security (A — 85/100)
*DMARC: quarantine*
- **[PASS]** DMARC policy is quarantine — good protection
### Permissions-Policy (D — 40/100)
*No header set*
- **[WARNING]** No Permissions-Policy header — Consider adding a Permissions-Policy header to restrict browser feature access from embedded content.
### CORS Configuration (B — 80/100)
*No CORS headers*
- **[PASS]** No CORS headers present — secure default
---
## Performance
### Page Weight Budget (C — 65/100)
*1.7 MB transferred, 51 requests*
- **[INFO]** Page weighs 3.3 MB (1.7 MB transferred)
- **[WARNING]** JavaScript is 537 KB — consider code splitting or lazy loading — Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
- **[INFO]** 51 HTTP requests
- **[INFO]** Estimated 0.36 g CO2 per page load
### Third-Party Impact (D — 50/100)
*100% third-party, 0 ms blocking*
- **[WARNING]** Third-party code accounts for 100% of page weight (1.7 MiB of 1.7 MiB)
- **[PASS]** Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
### Text Compression (A+ — 100/100)
*All text resources are compressed*
- **[PASS]** All text resources are compressed
### Image Optimization (C — 60/100)
*20 images, 0 KB saveable*
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Cam... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://memento.epfl.ch/image/32754/509x286.jpg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://memento.epfl.ch/image/32071/509x286.jpg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Edu... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/EPF... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://memento.epfl.ch/image/32144/509x286.jpg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/wp-content/themes/wp-theme-201... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Fac... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://memento.epfl.ch/image/32730/509x286.jpg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://memento.epfl.ch/image/32970/509x286.jpg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Rec... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://actu.epfl.ch/image/163596/1440x810.jpg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/Inn... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/EPF... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
### JS Execution Cost (D — 40/100)
*2246ms total JS execution*
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/en/: 749ms CPU time
- **[WARNING]** Unattributable: 570ms CPU time
- **[WARNING]** https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-N6BF...: 291ms CPU time
- **[WARNING]** https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-PJG...: 258ms CPU time
- **[INFO]** https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.7....: 129ms CPU time
- **[WARNING]** Third-party scripts: 2246ms (100% of total)
### Font Loading (A+ — 100/100)
*2 fonts (36 KB)*
- **[INFO]** 2 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)
### JS Bundles (D — 50/100)
*13 scripts, 248 KB unused*
- **[WARNING]** https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-PJG...: 65 KB unused (48%) — Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/wp-content/themes/wp-theme-201...: 65 KB unused (82%) — Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-N6BF...: 63 KB unused (42%) — Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.j...: 56 KB unused (67%) — Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.epfl.ch/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.j...: unminified — 43 KB could be saved
- **[INFO]** Total unused JavaScript: 248 KB
### Resource Caching (A+ — 100/100)
*All resources properly cached*
- **[PASS]** No caching issues found
### Critical Rendering Path (A+ — 100/100)
*No render-blocking resources*
- **[PASS]** No render-blocking resources detected
### Resource Hints (A+ — 100/100)
*1 hints, 0 missing preconnects*
- **[PASS]** Page uses 1 resource hint(s)
### Page Weight Inventory (D — 40/100)
*51 resources · 1.7 MB · 248 KB savings available*
- **[WARNING]** Page weight 728 KB over 1MB target
- **[INFO]** ~248 KB of savings available
- **[WARNING]** 50 third-party resources (100% of weight)
- **[INFO]** 2 resources over 200KB
### Render-Blocking Resources (A+ — 100/100)
*No render-blocking resources detected*
- **[PASS]** No render-blocking resources detected in
### Third-Party Resources (A+ — 100/100)
*No third-party resources detected*
---
## Content Quality
### Links (D — 65/100)
*156 links checked, 149 healthy, 7 broken*
- **[CRITICAL]** 149 of 156 links are healthy
- **[WARNING]** Broken link: https://www.epfl.ch/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A... — Found in . Returns HTTP 404.
- **[WARNING]** Broken link: https://www.epfl.ch/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A... — Found in . Returns HTTP 404.
- **[WARNING]** Broken link: https://www.epfl.ch/wp-json/ — Found in . Returns HTTP 401.
- **[WARNING]** Broken link: https://www.epfl.ch/wp-json/wp/v2/pages/8 — Found in . Returns HTTP 401.
- **[CRITICAL]** Broken link: https://www.epfl.ch/research/faculty-members/ — Found in . Get "https://www.epfl.ch/research/faculty-members/": context deadline exceeded
- **[CRITICAL]** Broken link: https://www.epfl.ch/schools/enac/ — Found in . Get "https://www.epfl.ch/schools/enac/": context deadline exceeded
- **[CRITICAL]** Broken link: https://www.linkedin.com/school/epfl/ — Found in . Returns HTTP 999.
### Mixed Content (A+ — 100/100)
*No mixed content detected — all resources use HTTPS.*
- **[PASS]** No mixed content detected — all resources use HTTPS
### Open Graph (A+ — 100/100)
*Open Graph tags are well configured for social sharing.*
- **[INFO]** og:title is short (4 characters) — Ideal length is 25–60 characters for social sharing previews.
### Structured Data (C — 40/100)
*No structured data (JSON-LD) found.*
- **[INFO]** No structured data (JSON-LD) found — Adding structured data helps search engines understand your content and can enable rich results.
---
## Infrastructure
### DNS Records (A — 85/100)
*1 A records, 314 ms lookup*
- **[PASS]** Resolves to 1 IPv4 address(es)
- **[INFO]** Single A record — no DNS redundancy — Multiple A records provide failover if one server goes down.
- **[PASS]** Has 1 IPv6 (AAAA) record(s)
- **[PASS]** 3 nameserver(s) configured
- **[PASS]** 1 mail exchanger(s) configured
- **[INFO]** CAA records not checked — CAA record lookup requires a specialized DNS resolver. This check will be available in a future update.
- **[PASS]** SPF record present in TXT
- **[WARNING]** DNS resolution is slow (314 ms) — Slow DNS adds latency to every page load. Consider a faster DNS provider.
### Redirect Chain (D — 50/100)
*2 redirect(s), 1254 ms total*
- **[WARNING]** 2 redirects before reaching final URL — Each redirect adds latency. Try to minimize the chain to 1 hop.
- **[INFO]** WWW normalization redirect
- **[INFO]** Uses 302 (temporary) redirect — If permanent, use 301 instead.
- **[WARNING]** Redirect overhead: 1254 ms total
### IPv6 Readiness (F — 30/100)
*IPv6 records exist but unreachable*
- **[WARNING]** IPv6 DNS records exist but server is not reachable — Having AAAA records but an unreachable server is worse than no AAAA — clients may experience delays before falling back to IPv4.
- **[INFO]** IPv6 connection error
### Crawlability (A+ — 95/100)
*robots.txt present, sitemap with 10789 URLs*
- **[PASS]** robots.txt is present
- **[PASS]** sitemap.xml is present
- **[PASS]** sitemap.xml is valid XML
- **[PASS]** sitemap.xml contains 10789 entries
- **[INFO]** robots.txt does not reference a sitemap — Add a 'Sitemap:' directive to robots.txt so search engines can discover your sitemap.
### URL Variants (A+ — 100/100)
*www/non-www, trailing slash, HTTP→HTTPS*
- **[PASS]** www/non-www redirect configured correctly (preferred: non-www)
- **[PASS]** HTTP correctly 301-redirects to HTTPS
### Domain Intelligence
*Domain intelligence data not available*
---
## Compliance
### WCAG Compliance (A+ — 100/100)
*No testable criteria*
### Cookie Consent & Privacy (B — 80/100)
*No consent signals detected*
- **[WARNING]** No privacy policy link detected — A privacy policy page is recommended for transparency and may be legally required.
- **[INFO]** No terms of service link detected
- **[INFO]** No cookie consent banner detected
- **[PASS]** 1 cookie(s) set on initial load (functional)
- **[INFO]** This is an automated check, not legal advice — BeaverCheck detects technical indicators of consent management. This does not constitute a legal compliance assessment. Consult a privacy professional for GDPR/CCPA compliance.
### Language & i18n (A — 90/100)
*Lang attribute present*
- **[PASS]** attribute is present
- **[PASS]** value is valid
- **[INFO]** No Content-Language HTTP header
- **[INFO]** Language signals are inconsistent — The attribute and Content-Language header should agree.
### Readability & Typography (A+ — 100/100)
*Font sizes and tap targets checked*
### Viewport Configuration (A+ — 100/100)
*Viewport properly configured*
- **[PASS]** Viewport meta tag is present
- **[PASS]** width=device-width is set
- **[PASS]** User zooming is allowed
### Third-Party Trackers (C — 55/100)
*3 trackers detected*
- **[INFO]** 3 third-party trackers detected — Found 2 analytics, 0 advertising, 0 marketing, 1 tag manager trackers.
- **[WARNING]** Trackers detected but no cookie policy found — This page loads 3 trackers but no cookie policy was detected. GDPR requires disclosure when using tracking cookies.
- **[WARNING]** Trackers detected but no privacy policy found — Most data protection regulations require a privacy policy when collecting user data via trackers.
### Cookie & Tracker Inventory (A+ — 100/100)
*1 cookies · 3 trackers · 0 pre-consent*
- **[INFO]** 1 cookie(s) could not be classified
- **[INFO]** 3 third-party tracker(s) detected on page
---
## Legal
### Legal Page Ecosystem (D — 45/100)
*2 of 7 expected legal pages detected*
- **[PASS]** Privacy Policy detected — Found at //go.epfl.ch/privacy-policy.
- **[WARNING]** Terms of Service not detected — No link matching common Terms of Service URL patterns or link text was found. Most websites are expected to have a Terms of Service, especially those collecting user data.
- **[INFO]** Cookie Policy not detected — No link matching common Cookie Policy URL patterns or link text was found. Most websites are expected to have a Cookie Policy, especially those collecting user data.
- **[PASS]** Accessibility Statement detected — Found at https://www.epfl.ch/about/overview/regulations-and-guidelines/disclaimer/, linked from footer.
- **[INFO]** DMCA / Copyright Notice not detected — No link matching common DMCA / Copyright Notice URL patterns or link text was found. Most websites are expected to have a DMCA / Copyright Notice, especially those collecting user data.
- **[INFO]** Refund / Returns Policy not detected — No link matching common Refund / Returns Policy URL patterns or link text was found. Most websites are expected to have a Refund / Returns Policy, especially those collecting user data.
- **[INFO]** Acceptable Use Policy not detected — No link matching common Acceptable Use Policy URL patterns or link text was found. Most websites are expected to have a Acceptable Use Policy, especially those collecting user data.
### Copyright Notice (B — 80/100)
*© 2025 EPFL*
- **[INFO]** Copyright year is 2025 (1 year(s) behind) — Copyright year is 2025 — 1 year(s) behind. While copyright protection doesn't depend on the year being current, an outdated notice may suggest the site is not actively maintained. Update to © 2026 or use a range like © 2025–2026.
- **[PASS]** Copyright holder: EPFL
### Regulatory Indicators
*3 regulatory indicator(s) detected*
- **[INFO]** This is a technical scan, not a legal assessment — BeaverCheck detects technical indicators that may suggest regulatory relevance. This is not a compliance audit and should not be relied upon for legal decisions. Consult qualified legal counsel for compliance assessments.
- **[INFO]** GDPR indicators detected (moderate confidence) — Indicators suggesting GDPR may be relevant: Privacy policy page found. EU General Data Protection Regulation — governs collection and processing of personal data of EU residents.
- **[INFO]** ADA indicators detected (moderate confidence) — Indicators suggesting ADA may be relevant: Accessibility link found: Accessibility. Americans with Disabilities Act / Section 508 — requires digital accessibility for people with disabilities.
- **[INFO]** HIPAA indicators detected (weak confidence) — Indicators suggesting HIPAA may be relevant: Text mentions: phi. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act — protects sensitive patient health information.
### Third-Party Data Sharing
*3 third-party service(s) detected*
- **[INFO]** Data inventory for transparency purposes — This inventory identifies third-party services that receive data from your site visitors. Under regulations like GDPR (Article 30), maintaining records of data processing activities is commonly considered a best practice. This automated scan provides a starting point — it may not capture all data flows.
- **[INFO]** 3 third-party services across 3 categories — 3 third-party services detected across 3 categories: Analytics (1), Tag Management (1), CDN (1). Each of these services receives some user data from your site visitors.
- **[INFO]** Google Analytics (Analytics) — Detected via script URL. Typically collects: Page views, User behavior, Demographics, Device info, IP address. Privacy policy: https://policies.google.com/privacy. Data Processing Agreement available.
- **[INFO]** Google Tag Manager (Tag Management) — Detected via script URL. Typically collects: Orchestrates other tracking scripts, Page views. Privacy policy: https://policies.google.com/privacy. Data Processing Agreement available.
- **[INFO]** Cloudflare (CDN) — Detected via script URL. Typically collects: IP address (transient), Request metadata. Privacy policy: https://www.cloudflare.com/privacypolicy/. Data Processing Agreement available.
### Compliance Badges (C — 55/100)
*0 compliance badge(s) detected*
- **[INFO]** No compliance badges detected — No recognized compliance certification badges or seals were found. This is common — many sites do not display compliance badges.
---
## Availability
### CDN & Delivery (D — 50/100)
*No CDN detected*
- **[WARNING]** No CDN detected — A CDN can significantly improve load times for users around the world by caching content at edge nodes closer to them.
### HTTP Caching (F — 30/100)
*No cache headers*
- **[WARNING]** No Cache-Control header found — Browsers will use heuristic caching, which can be unpredictable. Set explicit cache headers.
### Transport Security (A — 90/100)
*HTTP/3, HSTS, and TLS version analysis*
- **[INFO]** HTTP/3 (QUIC) not advertised — HTTP/3 eliminates head-of-line blocking. If your CDN supports it, consider enabling it.
- **[PASS]** HSTS enabled (base policy)
- **[INFO]** HSTS missing includeSubDomains — Without includeSubDomains, HSTS only protects the exact domain.
- **[PASS]** TLS 1.3 in use (fastest handshake, 1-RTT)
---
## Accessibility
### Landmark Structure (A — 90/100)
*6 landmarks*
- **[PASS]** landmark present
- **[PASS]** 2