# BeaverCheck Audit Report — https://kuleuven.be

**Date:** April 21, 2026  
**URL:** https://kuleuven.be  
**Overall Grade:** D (64/100)  
**Report:** https://beavercheck.com/results/c6877869-37b1-45d2-a264-218a81aed3ba

## Top Findings

1. **[CRITICAL]** Content-Security-Policy header is missing — Security > Security Headers
2. **[CRITICAL]** HSTS header is missing — Security > Security Headers
3. **[CRITICAL]** No Content-Security-Policy header found — Security > Content Security Policy
4. **[WARNING]** 59 third-party resources (100% of weight) — Performance > Page Weight Inventory
5. **[WARNING]** Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy header is missing — Security > Security Headers

---

## Lighthouse Scores

| Category | Score |
|----------|-------|
| Performance | 38 |
| Accessibility | 93 |
| Best Practices | 81 |
| SEO | 100 |

---

## Security

### Security Headers (F — 10/100)

*2 of 10 headers properly configured*

- **[CRITICAL]** HSTS header is missing — Strict-Transport-Security forces browsers to use HTTPS, preventing downgrade attacks. Add the header with a max-age of at least 1 year.
- **[WARNING]** X-Content-Type-Options header is missing — This header prevents MIME-type sniffing, which can lead to XSS attacks. Set it to 'nosniff'.
- **[WARNING]** X-Frame-Options header is missing — This header prevents clickjacking by controlling who can embed your page in a frame. Set it to DENY or SAMEORIGIN.
- **[WARNING]** Referrer-Policy header is missing — Controls how much referrer information is sent with requests. Set to 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin' or stricter.
- **[WARNING]** Permissions-Policy header is missing — Controls which browser features (camera, microphone, geolocation) are allowed. Set it to restrict unused features.
- **[CRITICAL]** Content-Security-Policy header is missing — CSP is the most important header for preventing XSS attacks. See the CSP section for detailed analysis.
- **[WARNING]** Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy header is missing — COOP isolates your browsing context, preventing cross-origin side-channel attacks. Set to 'same-origin'.
- **[WARNING]** Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy header is missing — COEP prevents loading cross-origin resources without explicit permission. Required for SharedArrayBuffer and high-resolution timers.
- **[PASS]** X-Powered-By header is not present
- **[PASS]** Server header is present without version info

### Content Security Policy (F — 0/100)

*No enforcing CSP policy found*

- **[CRITICAL]** No Content-Security-Policy header found — CSP is the most effective defense against XSS attacks. Add a Content-Security-Policy header to restrict resource loading.

### TLS & Certificates (A+ — 100/100)

*TLS 1.3, 7 checks passed*

- **[PASS]** TLS 1.3 is used
- **[PASS]** Strong cipher suite is used
- **[INFO]** HTTP/2 is not negotiated — HTTP/2 provides multiplexing and header compression for better performance.
- **[PASS]** Certificate is valid (expires in 184 days)
- **[PASS]** Certificate chain has 3 certificates
- **[PASS]** Certificate uses modern signature algorithm
- **[PASS]** Certificate covers 2 domain(s)
- **[PASS]** Certificate is issued by a trusted CA

### Cookie Security (A+ — 100/100)

*No cookies set — no cookie security risks*

- **[PASS]** No cookies set — no cookie security risks

---

## Advanced Security

### Subresource Integrity (A+ — 100/100)

*No external resources*

- **[PASS]** No external resources to protect

### JS Library Vulnerabilities (A+ — 100/100)

*No known vulnerabilities*

- **[PASS]** No known JavaScript library vulnerabilities detected

### Information Leakage (A+ — 100/100)

*No exposures*

- **[PASS]** security.txt is present — good practice
- **[PASS]** No sensitive files exposed

### Email Security (D — 50/100)

*DMARC: none*

- **[WARNING]** DMARC policy is none — monitoring only — This only monitors, it doesn't block spoofed emails. Change to p=quarantine or p=reject.

### Permissions-Policy (D — 40/100)

*No header set*

- **[WARNING]** No Permissions-Policy header — Consider adding a Permissions-Policy header to restrict browser feature access from embedded content.

### CORS Configuration (B — 80/100)

*No CORS headers*

- **[PASS]** No CORS headers present — secure default

---

## Performance

### Page Weight Budget (C — 55/100)

*2.0 MB transferred, 60 requests*

- **[INFO]** Page weighs 5.0 MB (2.0 MB transferred)
- **[WARNING]** JavaScript is 982 KB — consider code splitting or lazy loading — Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
- **[INFO]** 60 HTTP requests
- **[INFO]** Estimated 0.43 g CO2 per page load

### Third-Party Impact (D — 50/100)

*100% third-party, 0 ms blocking*

- **[WARNING]** Third-party code accounts for 100% of page weight (2.0 MiB of 2.0 MiB)
- **[PASS]** Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)

### Text Compression (A+ — 100/100)

*All text resources are compressed*

- **[PASS]** All text resources are compressed

### Image Optimization (B — 70/100)

*8 images, 0 KB saveable*

- **[WARNING]** https://stijl.kuleuven.be/releases/latest/img/svg/... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift — Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

### JS Execution Cost (D — 40/100)

*3093ms total JS execution*

- **[WARNING]** https://www.kuleuven.be/kuleuven/: 614ms CPU time
- **[WARNING]** https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-K6Q...: 556ms CPU time
- **[WARNING]** Unattributable: 459ms CPU time
- **[WARNING]** https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=DC-825...: 319ms CPU time
- **[WARNING]** https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202508.2...: 309ms CPU time
- **[WARNING]** Third-party scripts: 3093ms (100% of total)

### Font Loading (A+ — 100/100)

*5 fonts (189 KB)*

- **[INFO]** 5 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

### JS Bundles (D — 40/100)

*22 scripts, 476 KB unused*

- **[WARNING]** https://www.kuleuven.be/++webresource++63cfd711-b5...: 121 KB unused (91%) — Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
- **[WARNING]** https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202508.2...: 65 KB unused (54%) — Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=DC-825...: 64 KB unused (49%) — Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-K6Q...: 63 KB unused (37%) — Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
- **[WARNING]** https://www.kuleuven.be/++webresource++74456754-c4...: 54 KB unused (82%) — Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
- **[INFO]** Total unused JavaScript: 476 KB

### Resource Caching (A+ — 100/100)

*All resources properly cached*

- **[PASS]** No caching issues found

### Critical Rendering Path (A+ — 100/100)

*No render-blocking resources*

- **[PASS]** No render-blocking resources detected

### Resource Hints (A+ — 100/100)

*No optimization needed*

- **[PASS]** No resource hint issues

### Page Weight Inventory (F — 35/100)

*60 resources · 2.0 MB · 476 KB savings available*

- **[WARNING]** Page weight 1.0 MB over 1MB target
- **[INFO]** ~476 KB of savings available
- **[WARNING]** 59 third-party resources (100% of weight)
- **[INFO]** 1 resources over 200KB

---

## Infrastructure

### DNS Records (A+ — 95/100)

*1 A records, 155 ms lookup*

- **[PASS]** Resolves to 1 IPv4 address(es)
- **[INFO]** Single A record — no DNS redundancy — Multiple A records provide failover if one server goes down.
- **[PASS]** Has 1 IPv6 (AAAA) record(s)
- **[PASS]** 2 nameserver(s) configured
- **[PASS]** 6 mail exchanger(s) configured
- **[INFO]** CAA records not checked — CAA record lookup requires a specialized DNS resolver. This check will be available in a future update.
- **[PASS]** SPF record present in TXT
- **[PASS]** DNS resolution time: 155 ms

### Redirect Chain (D — 50/100)

*2 redirect(s), 1907 ms total*

- **[WARNING]** 2 redirects before reaching final URL — Each redirect adds latency. Try to minimize the chain to 1 hop.
- **[INFO]** WWW normalization redirect
- **[WARNING]** Redirect overhead: 1907 ms total

### IPv6 Readiness (F — 30/100)

*IPv6 records exist but unreachable*

- **[WARNING]** IPv6 DNS records exist but server is not reachable — Having AAAA records but an unreachable server is worse than no AAAA — clients may experience delays before falling back to IPv4.
- **[INFO]** IPv6 connection error

### Crawlability (B — 80/100)

*robots.txt present, no sitemap*

- **[PASS]** robots.txt is present
- **[INFO]** No sitemap.xml found — A sitemap helps search engines discover and index your pages more efficiently.
- **[INFO]** robots.txt does not reference a sitemap — Add a 'Sitemap:' directive to robots.txt so search engines can discover your sitemap.

### URL Variants (A+ — 100/100)

*www/non-www, trailing slash, HTTP→HTTPS*

- **[PASS]** www/non-www redirect configured correctly (preferred: non-www)
- **[PASS]** HTTP correctly 301-redirects to HTTPS

### Domain Intelligence (A+ — 100/100)

*kuleuven.be — hosted on BELNET, BE*

- **[WARNING]** Registrar lock is NOT enabled — The domain can be transferred without an unlock step. Enable registrar lock (clientTransferProhibited) in your registrar's control panel to protect against unauthorized or accidental transfers.
- **[PASS]** Hosting: BELNET, BE

---

## Compliance

### WCAG Compliance (A+ — 100/100)

*No testable criteria*


### Cookie Consent & Privacy (B — 80/100)

*No consent signals detected*

- **[WARNING]** No privacy policy link detected — A privacy policy page is recommended for transparency and may be legally required.
- **[INFO]** No terms of service link detected
- **[INFO]** No cookie consent banner detected
- **[INFO]** This is an automated check, not legal advice — BeaverCheck detects technical indicators of consent management. This does not constitute a legal compliance assessment. Consult a privacy professional for GDPR/CCPA compliance.

### Language & i18n (A — 90/100)

*Lang attribute present*

- **[PASS]** <html lang> attribute is present
- **[PASS]** <html lang> value is valid
- **[INFO]** No Content-Language HTTP header
- **[INFO]** Language signals are inconsistent — The <html lang> attribute and Content-Language header should agree.

### Readability & Typography (A+ — 100/100)

*Font sizes and tap targets checked*


### Viewport Configuration (F — 30/100)

*No viewport meta tag*

- **[CRITICAL]** No viewport meta tag found — Without a viewport meta tag, the page will not render correctly on mobile devices.

### Third-Party Trackers (C — 55/100)

*2 trackers detected*

- **[INFO]** 2 third-party trackers detected — Found 2 analytics, 0 advertising, 0 marketing, 0 tag manager trackers.
- **[WARNING]** Trackers detected but no cookie policy found — This page loads 2 trackers but no cookie policy was detected. GDPR requires disclosure when using tracking cookies.
- **[WARNING]** Trackers detected but no privacy policy found — Most data protection regulations require a privacy policy when collecting user data via trackers.

### Cookie & Tracker Inventory (A+ — 100/100)

*0 cookies · 2 trackers · 0 pre-consent*

- **[INFO]** 2 third-party tracker(s) detected on page

---

## Availability

### CDN & Delivery (D — 50/100)

*No CDN detected*

- **[WARNING]** No CDN detected — A CDN can significantly improve load times for users around the world by caching content at edge nodes closer to them.

### HTTP Caching (A — 90/100)

*max-age=120 (2 minutes)*

- **[PASS]** Cache-Control header is set
- **[PASS]** Effective TTL: 2 minutes (max-age=120)
- **[INFO]** No ETag or Last-Modified header — Conditional requests (304 Not Modified) are not possible without validators.

### Transport Security (B — 75/100)

*HTTP/3, HSTS, and TLS version analysis*

- **[INFO]** HTTP/3 (QUIC) not advertised — HTTP/3 eliminates head-of-line blocking. If your CDN supports it, consider enabling it.
- **[WARNING]** Missing Strict-Transport-Security header — HSTS tells browsers to only use HTTPS, preventing SSL stripping attacks.
- **[PASS]** TLS 1.3 in use (fastest handshake, 1-RTT)

---

## UX

### 404 Error Page (F — 30/100)

*HTTP 404, bare page*

- **[PASS]** Correct 404 status code returned
- **[WARNING]** Bare server default 404 page — The 404 page has no custom styling. Users hitting a broken link see a generic error with no way to navigate back. Add a custom 404 page with your site navigation and a search bar.

### Favicon & Branding (F — 15/100)

*1 icon(s) detected*

- **[PASS]** favicon.ico present at site root
- **[INFO]** No apple-touch-icon detected — iOS devices use this when users add your site to their home screen. Add <link rel='apple-touch-icon' sizes='180x180' href='/apple-touch-icon.png'>.

### Web Manifest (D — 40/100)

*Not found*

- **[INFO]** No web manifest found — No manifest at standard paths (/manifest.json, /site.webmanifest). A manifest is optional but enables PWA features like home screen installation and standalone display.

### Dark Mode Support (D — 40/100)

*No dark mode signals*

- **[INFO]** No dark mode signals detected — Consider adding CSS with @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) and <meta name='color-scheme' content='light dark'>.
- **[INFO]** Detection limited to meta tags and inline styles — External CSS files may contain prefers-color-scheme rules not visible to this scan.

### Print Stylesheet (D — 40/100)

*No print styles*

- **[INFO]** No print-specific styles detected — When users print this page, they get the screen layout including navigation and non-essential elements. Add @media print rules to hide navigation and optimize layout for paper.

### Navigation UX (F — 0/100)

*No navigation patterns*

- **[INFO]** No breadcrumbs, search, or skip link detected — These navigation aids help users orient themselves and find content efficiently, especially on large sites.

---

## Sustainability

### CO2 Per Page Load (B — 70/100)

*0.58g CO2 per view*

- **[INFO]** 0.58g CO2 per page view — This page transfers 2.0 MB, producing an estimated 0.58g of CO2 per visit using the Sustainable Web Design model (v4). Breakdown: data center 0.11g, network 0.10g, end-user device 0.37g.
- **[INFO]** At 10,000 monthly views: 69.2 kg CO2/year — With 10,000 page views per month, this page would generate approximately 69.2 kg of CO2 annually — equivalent to charging 8654 smartphones.

### Green Hosting (D — 50/100)

*Unknown*

- **[INFO]** Hosting provider could not be identified — Without knowing the provider, we cannot determine their energy sourcing. Check with your hosting provider about their renewable energy commitments.
- **[INFO]** Green hosting status based on known provider commitments — Green hosting detection uses a curated database of provider renewable energy commitments. This is not a real-time verification. For authoritative checks, visit thegreenwebfoundation.org.

### Repeat Visit Weight (A+ — 100/100)

*100% cached*

- **[PASS]** 100% reduction on repeat visits — Returning visitors download only 10 KB (vs 2086 KB first visit). 59 of 60 resources are served from browser cache, saving 0.57g CO2 per repeat visit.
- **[INFO]** Repeat visit: 0.00g CO2 (first visit: 0.58g)

### Carbon Budget (B — 70/100)

*47th percentile*

- **[INFO]** 0.58g CO2 — below the median website (0.60g) — Better than an estimated 53% of websites, but above the sustainability target of 0.50g. Reducing page weight would help reach the target.
- **[INFO]** Estimated 47th percentile — Compared to: top 10% = 0.20g, target = 0.50g, median = 0.60g per page view.

### Transfer Efficiency (B — 80/100)

*77% efficient*

- **[INFO]** Transfer efficiency: 77% — An estimated 475 KB (23%) could be eliminated: 0 KB via better compression, 0 KB via modern image formats, 475 KB of unused JavaScript. This wasted data produces 0.13g of unnecessary CO2 per page view.

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*Generated by [BeaverCheck](https://beavercheck.com) — https://beavercheck.com/results/c6877869-37b1-45d2-a264-218a81aed3ba*