C — https://www.nature.com | BeaverCheck Audit

Site Health

Score: 76 / 100

Based on 8 categories, 0 sections

How is this calculated?

The overall score is a weighted average of individual category scores. Categories with more impact on user experience and security carry more weight.

Performance 25%Security 25%Accessibility 15%SEO 10%Infrastructure 10%Compliance 8%Content 5%Sustainability 2%

Weights reflect general web best practices. Individual needs may differ.

Top Priorities (5)

Content-Security-Policy header is missing

Security › Security Headers

No Content-Security-Policy header found

Security › Content Security Policy

Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy header is missing

Security › Security Headers

Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy header is missing

Security › Security Headers

External script from cmp.nature.com lacks integrity attribute

Security › Subresource Integrity

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[![BeaverCheck](https://beavercheck.com/badge?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com)](https://beavercheck.com/results/e3a7e0f2-977e-f8d8-78c6-7d83a96f1379)

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Lighthouse Scores

Industry-standard audits powered by Google Lighthouse.

Performance

100

Accessibility

Best Practices

100

SEO

Core Web Vitals

Key metrics that affect user experience.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

2.18 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

4.94 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

593 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.190

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

2.18 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

10.38 s

Detailed Report

Audit breakdown by category with detailed findings.

Performance

Insights

Remove large, duplicate JavaScript modules from bundles to reduce unnecessary bytes consumed by network activity.

Polyfills and transforms enable older browsers to use new JavaScript features. However, many aren't necessary for modern browsers. Consider modifying your JavaScript build process to not transpile Baseline features, unless you know you must support older browsers. Learn why most sites can deploy ES6+ code without transpiling

3rd party code can significantly impact load performance. Reduce and defer loading of 3rd party code to prioritize your page's content.

A long cache lifetime can speed up repeat visits to your page. Learn more about caching.

Request	Cache TTL	Transfer Size
/scripts/93dabb8d80079a87fec7bb6f67b807fce90e1688f8957ad7...	3600.0 s	123.1 KiB
/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	33.3 KiB
/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00913-1/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	33.3 KiB
badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=489&types=mbvttwfu	86400.0 s	18.4 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01027-4/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	18.3 KiB
badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=414&types=mbrtttuo	86400.0 s	18.2 KiB
badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=567&types=mbrtttfu	86400.0 s	18.2 KiB
badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=813&types=mbrtttfu	86400.0 s	18.2 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01100-y/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	17.8 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01053-2/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	16.1 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	13.9 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01028-3/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	13.6 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01118-2/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	8.2 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01020-x/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	7.7 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00809-0/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	6.2 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00806-3/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	5.1 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01055-0/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	4.7 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00803-6/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	4.7 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00931-z/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	4.0 KiB

Layout shifts occur when elements move absent any user interaction. Investigate the causes of layout shifts, such as elements being added, removed, or their fonts changing as the page loads.

headings: [map[key:node label:Element subItemsHeading:map[key:extra] valueType:node] map[granularity:0.001 key:score label:Layout shift score subItemsHeading:map[key:cause valueType:text] valueType:numeric]]

items: [map[node:map[type:text value:Total] score:0.190341] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:1572 height:1049 left:0 right:412 top:523 width:412] lhId:page-17-SECTION nodeLabel:Featured Content First photos from Artemis II: see stunning 'Earthset' and more… path:1,HTML,3,BODY,3,DIV,1,SECTION selector:body.home-page > div#content > section#featured-content snippet:<section id="featured-content" class="u-mb-48" data-track-component="featured content"> type:node] score:0.190341 subItems:map[items:[map[cause:Unsized image element extra:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:7111 height:22 left:16 right:211 top:7089 width:195] lhId:page-22-IMG nodeLabel:Nature Careers path:1,HTML,3,BODY,3,DIV,10,DIV,0,DIV,0,H2,0,IMG selector:div.u-container > div.c-section-heading > h2.u-ma-0 > img.u-vertical-align-baseline snippet:<img class="u-vertical-align-baseline" src="/static/images/logos/nature-careers-logo-3c89275050.svg" width="195" height="23" alt="Nature Careers"> type:node]]] type:subitems]]]

Your first network request is the most important. Reduce its latency by avoiding redirects, ensuring a fast server response, and enabling text compression.

Reducing the download time of images can improve the perceived load time of the page and LCP. Learn more about optimizing image size

	URL	Resource Size	Est Savings
An illustration of a doctor examining a computer with sad-looking red human eye… `div.c-hero > div.c-hero__image > picture > img`	/w735h400/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/2913/top_item_imag...	91.6 KiB	76.6 KiB
scientists constructing China’s research system. `article.c-card > div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > img`	/lw630/nature-cms/uploads/collections/China_HERO_85__copy...	88.0 KiB	75.0 KiB
Volume 652 Issue 8108 `div.c-card > a.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w440/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/41586/652/8108?...	61.2 KiB	47.9 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...	33.0 KiB	20.2 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00913-1/d41586-026-0...	32.7 KiB	20.0 KiB
Score 489 `li.app-trending-row__item > article > a.app-trending-row__link > img.u-mb-8`	badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=489&types=mbvttwfu	18.3 KiB	17.8 KiB
Score 567 `li.app-trending-row__item > article > a.app-trending-row__link > img.u-mb-8`	badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=567&types=mbrtttfu	18.1 KiB	17.6 KiB
Score 813 `li.app-trending-row__item > article > a.app-trending-row__link > img.u-mb-8`	badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=813&types=mbrtttfu	18.1 KiB	17.6 KiB
Score 414 `li.app-trending-row__item > article > a.app-trending-row__link > img.u-mb-8`	badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=414&types=mbrtttuo	18.0 KiB	17.5 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01027-4/d41586-026-0...	17.6 KiB	16.7 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01100-y/d41586-026-0...	17.3 KiB	16.3 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01053-2/d41586-026-0...	15.7 KiB	14.8 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...	14.3 KiB	13.3 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...	13.6 KiB	6.1 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01028-3/d41586-026-0...	13.0 KiB	5.5 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...	12.9 KiB	5.4 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...	12.2 KiB	4.7 KiB

Optimize LCP by making the LCP image discoverable from the HTML immediately, and avoiding lazy-loading

lhId: page-0-IMG

nodeLabel: An illustration of a doctor examining a computer with sad-looking red human eye…

path: 1,HTML,3,BODY,3,DIV,0,ARTICLE,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,PICTURE,1,IMG

selector: div.c-hero > div.c-hero__image > picture > img

snippet: <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w735h400/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/291…" alt="An illustration of a doctor examining a computer with sad-looking red huma…">

Avoid chaining critical requests by reducing the length of chains, reducing the download size of resources, or deferring the download of unnecessary resources to improve page load.

description: [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints help the browser establish a connection earlier in the page load, saving time when the first request for that origin is made. The following are the origins that the page preconnected to.

title: Preconnected origins

description: Add [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints to your most important origins, but try to use no more than 4.

title: Preconnect candidates

value: No additional origins are good candidates for preconnecting

Requests are blocking the page's initial render, which may delay LCP. Deferring or inlining can move these network requests out of the critical path.

URL	Transfer Size	Duration
www.nature.com/static/css/grade-c-5267398a1c.css	1.7 KiB	153 ms
www.nature.com/static/css/homepage/homepage-150-nature-branded-926b0b24b7.css	21.4 KiB	605 ms

These insights are also available in the Chrome DevTools Performance Panel - record a trace to view more detailed information.

Redirects introduce additional delays before the page can be loaded. Learn how to avoid page redirects.

Estimated savings: 1.7 s

URL	Time Spent
www.nature.com/	753 ms
/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=grover&redirect...	807 ms
/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnatu...	152 ms
www.nature.com/nature	0.0 ms
www.nature.com/	0.0 ms

These are the largest layout shifts observed on the page. Each table item represents a single layout shift, and shows the element that shifted the most. Below each item are possible root causes that led to the layout shift. Some of these layout shifts may not be included in the CLS metric value due to windowing. Learn how to improve CLS

Element	Layout shift score
Featured Content First photos from Artemis II: see stunning 'Earthset' and more… `body.home-page > div#content > section#featured-content`	0.190

Time to Interactive is the amount of time it takes for the page to become fully interactive. Learn more about the Time to Interactive metric.

TTI

The maximum potential First Input Delay that your users could experience is the duration of the longest task. Learn more about the Maximum Potential First Input Delay metric.

Diagnostics

Reduce unused rules from stylesheets and defer CSS not used for above-the-fold content to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused CSS.

Estimated savings: 440 ms 16.2 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
www.nature.com/static/css/homepage/homepage-150-nature-branded-926b0b24b7.css	20.8 KiB	16.2 KiB

Consider reducing the time spent parsing, compiling, and executing JS. You may find delivering smaller JS payloads helps with this. Learn how to reduce Javascript execution time.

URL	Total CPU Time	Script Evaluation	Script Parse
sgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ	650 ms	544 ms	87 ms
www.nature.com/	482 ms	17 ms	8.2 ms
Unattributable	386 ms	8.9 ms	0.0 ms
pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604020101/pubads_impl.js	239 ms	180 ms	57 ms
cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-102.js	226 ms	156 ms	16 ms
/scripts/93dabb8d80079a87fec7bb6f67b807fce90e1688f8957ad7...	127 ms	87 ms	40 ms
pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js	102 ms	83 ms	17 ms

Consider reducing the time spent parsing, compiling and executing JS. You may find delivering smaller JS payloads helps with this. Learn how to minimize main-thread work

Category	Time Spent
Script Evaluation	1.1 s
Other	390 ms
Style & Layout	381 ms
Script Parsing & Compilation	227 ms
Rendering	56 ms
Garbage Collection	55 ms
Parse HTML & CSS	49 ms

Reduce unused JavaScript and defer loading scripts until they are required to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused JavaScript.

Estimated savings: 0.0 ms 214.6 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604020101/pubads_impl.js	182.6 KiB	127.7 KiB
sgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ	197.8 KiB	66.6 KiB
/scripts/93dabb8d80079a87fec7bb6f67b807fce90e1688f8957ad7...	122.6 KiB	20.4 KiB

Set an explicit width and height on image elements to reduce layout shifts and improve CLS. Learn how to set image dimensions

	URL
scientists constructing China’s research system. `article.c-card > div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > img`	/lw630/nature-cms/uploads/collections/China_HERO_85__copy...
Volume 652 Issue 8108 `div.c-card > a.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w440/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/41586/652/8108?...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00913-1/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01118-2/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01055-0/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01100-y/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01020-x/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01118-2/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01053-2/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01028-3/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01027-4/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00809-0/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00803-6/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00806-3/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00931-z/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...
Nature `h1.c-header__logo-container > a > picture.c-header__logo > img`	/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/nature/header-86f1267ea0...

More information about the performance of your application. These numbers don't directly affect the Performance score.

●Optimize DOM size

●Font display

●Forced reflow

●LCP breakdown

●Modern HTTP

●Optimize viewport for mobile

●Minify CSS

●Minify JavaScript

●Avoids enormous network payloads Total size was 1,435 KiB

●User Timing marks and measures 4 user timings

●Avoid long main-thread tasks 11 long tasks found

●Page didn't prevent back/forward cache restoration

●Network Requests

●Network Round Trip Times 30 ms

●Server Backend Latencies 50 ms

●Tasks

●Diagnostics

●Metrics

●Screenshot Thumbnails

●Final Screenshot

●Script Treemap Data

●Resources Summary

●Initial server response time was short Root document took 190 ms

○INP breakdown

○Avoid non-composited animations

100

Accessibility

These checks highlight opportunities to improve the accessibility of your web app. Automatic detection can only detect a subset of issues and does not guarantee the accessibility of your web app, so manual testing is also encouraged.

○Interactive controls are keyboard focusable

○Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state

○The page has a logical tab order

○Visual order on the page follows DOM order

○User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region

○The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page

○HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation

○Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology

○Custom controls have associated labels

○Custom controls have ARIA roles

●`[aria-*]` attributes match their roles

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`

●`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes

●`[role]` values are valid

●`[aria-*]` attributes have valid values

●`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled

●Buttons have an accessible name

●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes

●`[user-scalable="no"]` is not used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element and the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is not less than 5.

●ARIA attributes are used as specified for the element's role

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` elements do not contain focusable descendents

●Elements use only permitted ARIA attributes

●Background and foreground colors have a sufficient contrast ratio

●Document has a `<title>` element

●`<html>` element has a `[lang]` attribute

●`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute

●Links are distinguishable without relying on color.

●Links have a discernible name

●Lists contain only `<li>` elements and script supporting elements (`<script>` and `<template>`).

●List items (`<li>`) are contained within `<ul>`, `<ol>` or `<menu>` parent elements

●No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0

●Touch targets have sufficient size and spacing.

●Heading elements appear in a sequentially-descending order

●Document has a main landmark.

●Deprecated ARIA roles were not used

○`[accesskey]` values are unique

○`button`, `link`, and `menuitem` elements have accessible names

○Elements with `role="dialog"` or `role="alertdialog"` have accessible names.

○ARIA input fields have accessible names

○ARIA `meter` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `progressbar` elements have accessible names

○Elements with an ARIA `[role]` that require children to contain a specific `[role]` have all required children.

○`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element

○Elements with the `role=text` attribute do not have focusable descendents.

○ARIA toggle fields have accessible names

○ARIA `tooltip` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `treeitem` elements have accessible names

○The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region

○`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.

○Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements

○ARIA IDs are unique

○No form fields have multiple labels

○`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title

○`<html>` element has an `[xml:lang]` attribute with the same base language as the `[lang]` attribute.

○Input buttons have discernible text.

○`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text

○Form elements have associated labels

○The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`

○`<object>` elements have alternate text

○Select elements have associated label elements.

○Skip links are focusable.

○Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.

○`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.

○`[lang]` attributes have a valid value

○`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`

○Tables have different content in the summary attribute and `<caption>`.

○All heading elements contain content.

○Uses ARIA roles only on compatible elements

○Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes that are redundant text.

○Identical links have the same purpose.

○Elements with visible text labels have matching accessible names.

○Tables use `<caption>` instead of cells with the `[colspan]` attribute to indicate a caption.

○`<td>` elements in a large `<table>` have one or more table headers.

Best Practices

Browser Compatibility

A character encoding declaration is required. It can be done with a `<meta>` tag in the first 1024 bytes of the HTML or in the Content-Type HTTP response header. Learn more about declaring the character encoding.

General

Source maps translate minified code to the original source code. This helps developers debug in production. In addition, Lighthouse is able to provide further insights. Consider deploying source maps to take advantage of these benefits. Learn more about source maps.

URL	Map URL
sgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ
www.nature.com/static/js/journal-homepage-es6-bundle-f21f4cfbb8.js	www.nature.com/static/js/journal-homepage-es6-bundle-f21f4cfbb8.js.map

●Uses HTTPS

●Avoids deprecated APIs

●Avoids third-party cookies

●Allows users to paste into input fields

●Avoids requesting the geolocation permission on page load

●Avoids requesting the notification permission on page load

●Displays images with correct aspect ratio

●Serves images with appropriate resolution

●Page has the HTML doctype

●No browser errors logged to the console

●No issues in the `Issues` panel in Chrome Devtools

●Ensure CSP is effective against XSS attacks

●Use a strong HSTS policy

●Ensure proper origin isolation with COOP

●Mitigate DOM-based XSS with Trusted Types

○Redirects HTTP traffic to HTTPS

○Mitigate clickjacking with XFO or CSP

○Detected JavaScript libraries

100

SEO

These checks ensure that your page is following basic search engine optimization advice. There are many additional factors Lighthouse does not score here that may affect your search ranking, including performance on Core Web Vitals. Learn more about Google Search Essentials.

○Structured data is valid

●Page isn’t blocked from indexing

●Document has a `<title>` element

●Document has a meta description

●Page has successful HTTP status code

●Links have descriptive text

●Links are crawlable

●robots.txt is valid

●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes

●Document has a valid `hreflang`

●Document has a valid `rel=canonical`

Lighthouse Scores

Industry-standard audits powered by Google Lighthouse. — Desktop

Performance

100

Accessibility

Best Practices

100

SEO

Core Web Vitals

Key metrics that affect user experience. — Desktop

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

657 ms

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

1.21 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

4 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.058

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

1.01 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

1.66 s

Detailed Report

Audit breakdown by category with detailed findings.

Performance

Insights

Remove large, duplicate JavaScript modules from bundles to reduce unnecessary bytes consumed by network activity.

3rd party code can significantly impact load performance. Reduce and defer loading of 3rd party code to prioritize your page's content.

Your first network request is the most important. Reduce its latency by avoiding redirects, ensuring a fast server response, and enabling text compression.

Reducing the download time of images can improve the perceived load time of the page and LCP. Learn more about optimizing image size

	URL	Resource Size	Est Savings
scientists constructing China’s research system. `article.c-card > div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > img`	/lw630/nature-cms/uploads/collections/China_HERO_85__copy...	88.0 KiB	80.3 KiB
Volume 652 Issue 8108 `div.c-card > a.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w440/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/41586/652/8108?...	61.2 KiB	49.3 KiB
An illustration of a doctor examining a computer with sad-looking red human eye… `div.c-hero > div.c-hero__image > picture > img`	/w735h400/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/2913/top_item_imag...	91.6 KiB	43.8 KiB
Score 489 `li.app-trending-row__item > article > a.app-trending-row__link > img.u-mb-8`	badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=489&types=mbvttwfu	18.3 KiB	17.8 KiB
Score 567 `li.app-trending-row__item > article > a.app-trending-row__link > img.u-mb-8`	badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=567&types=mbrtttfu	18.1 KiB	17.6 KiB
Score 813 `li.app-trending-row__item > article > a.app-trending-row__link > img.u-mb-8`	badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=813&types=mbrtttfu	18.1 KiB	17.6 KiB
Score 414 `li.app-trending-row__item > article > a.app-trending-row__link > img.u-mb-8`	badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=414&types=mbrtttuo	18.0 KiB	17.5 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...	33.0 KiB	12.2 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00913-1/d41586-026-0...	32.7 KiB	11.9 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01027-4/d41586-026-0...	17.6 KiB	10.2 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01100-y/d41586-026-0...	17.3 KiB	9.8 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01053-2/d41586-026-0...	15.7 KiB	8.3 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...	14.3 KiB	6.8 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...	13.6 KiB	6.1 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01028-3/d41586-026-0...	13.0 KiB	5.5 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...	12.9 KiB	5.4 KiB
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...	12.2 KiB	4.7 KiB

Optimize LCP by making the LCP image discoverable from the HTML immediately, and avoiding lazy-loading

lhId: page-2-IMG

nodeLabel: An illustration of a doctor examining a computer with sad-looking red human eye…

path: 1,HTML,3,BODY,3,DIV,0,ARTICLE,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,PICTURE,1,IMG

selector: div.c-hero > div.c-hero__image > picture > img

snippet: <img src="https://media.springernature.com/w735h400/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/291…" alt="An illustration of a doctor examining a computer with sad-looking red huma…">

Avoid chaining critical requests by reducing the length of chains, reducing the download size of resources, or deferring the download of unnecessary resources to improve page load.

title: Preconnected origins

description: Add [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints to your most important origins, but try to use no more than 4.

title: Preconnect candidates

value: No additional origins are good candidates for preconnecting

Requests are blocking the page's initial render, which may delay LCP. Deferring or inlining can move these network requests out of the critical path.

URL	Transfer Size	Duration
www.nature.com/static/css/homepage/homepage-150-nature-branded-926b0b24b7.css	21.4 KiB	172 ms
www.nature.com/static/css/grade-c-5267398a1c.css	1.7 KiB	51 ms

A long cache lifetime can speed up repeat visits to your page. Learn more about caching.

Request	Cache TTL	Transfer Size
/scripts/93dabb8d80079a87fec7bb6f67b807fce90e1688f8957ad7...	3600.0 s	123.1 KiB
/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00913-1/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	33.3 KiB
/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	33.3 KiB
badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=489&types=mbvttwfu	86400.0 s	18.4 KiB
badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=813&types=mbrtttfu	86400.0 s	18.3 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01027-4/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	18.3 KiB
badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=567&types=mbrtttfu	86400.0 s	18.2 KiB
badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=414&types=mbrtttuo	86400.0 s	18.1 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01100-y/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	17.9 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01053-2/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	16.4 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	13.9 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01028-3/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	13.6 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01118-2/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	8.4 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01020-x/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	8.0 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00809-0/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	6.2 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00806-3/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	5.1 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01055-0/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	5.0 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00803-6/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	4.7 KiB
/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00931-z/d41586-026-0...	86400.0 s	4.0 KiB

These insights are also available in the Chrome DevTools Performance Panel - record a trace to view more detailed information.

Diagnostics

Reduce unused rules from stylesheets and defer CSS not used for above-the-fold content to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused CSS.

Estimated savings: 0.0 ms 15.1 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
www.nature.com/static/css/homepage/homepage-150-nature-branded-926b0b24b7.css	20.8 KiB	15.1 KiB

Reduce unused JavaScript and defer loading scripts until they are required to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused JavaScript.

Estimated savings: 0.0 ms 213.0 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604030101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31...	182.6 KiB	125.9 KiB
sgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ	198.2 KiB	66.7 KiB
/scripts/93dabb8d80079a87fec7bb6f67b807fce90e1688f8957ad7...	122.6 KiB	20.4 KiB

Set an explicit width and height on image elements to reduce layout shifts and improve CLS. Learn how to set image dimensions

	URL
scientists constructing China’s research system. `article.c-card > div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > img`	/lw630/nature-cms/uploads/collections/China_HERO_85__copy...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00913-1/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...
Volume 652 Issue 8108 `div.c-card > a.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w440/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/41586/652/8108?...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01118-2/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01024-7/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01055-0/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01100-y/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01020-x/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01118-2/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01053-2/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01028-3/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01027-4/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00809-0/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00803-6/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00806-3/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00931-z/d41586-026-0...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...
div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img `div.c-card__layout > div.c-card__image > picture > img`	/w290h158/springer-static/image/art:10.1038/s41586-026-10...
Nature `h1.c-header__logo-container > a > picture.c-header__logo > img`	/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/nature/header-86f1267ea0...

More information about the performance of your application. These numbers don't directly affect the Performance score.

Redirects introduce additional delays before the page can be loaded. Learn how to avoid page redirects.

Estimated savings: 497 ms

URL	Time Spent
www.nature.com/	211 ms
/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=grover&redirect...	244 ms
/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnatu...	41 ms
www.nature.com/nature	0.0 ms
www.nature.com/	0.0 ms

●Time to Interactive 1.7 s

●Layout shift culprits

●Optimize DOM size

●Font display

●Forced reflow

●LCP breakdown

●Modern HTTP

●Optimize viewport for mobile

●Max Potential First Input Delay 60 ms

●Minify CSS

●Minify JavaScript

●Avoids enormous network payloads Total size was 1,436 KiB

●User Timing marks and measures 8 user timings

●JavaScript execution time 0.3 s

●Minimizes main-thread work 0.6 s

●Avoid long main-thread tasks 1 long task found

●Page didn't prevent back/forward cache restoration

●Network Requests

●Network Round Trip Times 30 ms

●Server Backend Latencies 60 ms

●Tasks

●Diagnostics

●Metrics

●Screenshot Thumbnails

●Final Screenshot

●Script Treemap Data

●Resources Summary

●Initial server response time was short Root document took 190 ms

●Avoid large layout shifts 1 layout shift found

○INP breakdown

○Avoid non-composited animations

100

Accessibility

○Interactive controls are keyboard focusable

○Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state

○The page has a logical tab order

○Visual order on the page follows DOM order

○User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region

○The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page

○HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation

○Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology

○Custom controls have associated labels

○Custom controls have ARIA roles

●`[aria-*]` attributes match their roles

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`

●`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes

●`[role]` values are valid

●`[aria-*]` attributes have valid values

●`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled

●Buttons have an accessible name

●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes

●`[user-scalable="no"]` is not used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element and the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is not less than 5.

●ARIA attributes are used as specified for the element's role

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` elements do not contain focusable descendents

●Elements use only permitted ARIA attributes

●Background and foreground colors have a sufficient contrast ratio

●Document has a `<title>` element

●`<html>` element has a `[lang]` attribute

●`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute

●Links are distinguishable without relying on color.

●Links have a discernible name

●Lists contain only `<li>` elements and script supporting elements (`<script>` and `<template>`).

●List items (`<li>`) are contained within `<ul>`, `<ol>` or `<menu>` parent elements

●No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0

●Touch targets have sufficient size and spacing.

●Heading elements appear in a sequentially-descending order

●Document has a main landmark.

●Deprecated ARIA roles were not used

○`[accesskey]` values are unique

○`button`, `link`, and `menuitem` elements have accessible names

○Elements with `role="dialog"` or `role="alertdialog"` have accessible names.

○ARIA input fields have accessible names

○ARIA `meter` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `progressbar` elements have accessible names

○Elements with an ARIA `[role]` that require children to contain a specific `[role]` have all required children.

○`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element

○Elements with the `role=text` attribute do not have focusable descendents.

○ARIA toggle fields have accessible names

○ARIA `tooltip` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `treeitem` elements have accessible names

○The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region

○`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.

○Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements

○ARIA IDs are unique

○No form fields have multiple labels

○`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title

○`<html>` element has an `[xml:lang]` attribute with the same base language as the `[lang]` attribute.

○Input buttons have discernible text.

○`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text

○Form elements have associated labels

○The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`

○`<object>` elements have alternate text

○Select elements have associated label elements.

○Skip links are focusable.

○Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.

○`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.

○`[lang]` attributes have a valid value

○`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`

○Tables have different content in the summary attribute and `<caption>`.

○All heading elements contain content.

○Uses ARIA roles only on compatible elements

○Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes that are redundant text.

○Identical links have the same purpose.

○Elements with visible text labels have matching accessible names.

○Tables use `<caption>` instead of cells with the `[colspan]` attribute to indicate a caption.

○`<td>` elements in a large `<table>` have one or more table headers.

Best Practices

Browser Compatibility

General

URL	Map URL
sgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ
www.nature.com/static/js/journal-homepage-es6-bundle-f21f4cfbb8.js	www.nature.com/static/js/journal-homepage-es6-bundle-f21f4cfbb8.js.map

●Uses HTTPS

●Avoids deprecated APIs

●Avoids third-party cookies

●Allows users to paste into input fields

●Avoids requesting the geolocation permission on page load

●Avoids requesting the notification permission on page load

●Displays images with correct aspect ratio

●Serves images with appropriate resolution

●Page has the HTML doctype

●No browser errors logged to the console

●No issues in the `Issues` panel in Chrome Devtools

●Ensure CSP is effective against XSS attacks

●Use a strong HSTS policy

●Ensure proper origin isolation with COOP

●Mitigate DOM-based XSS with Trusted Types

○Redirects HTTP traffic to HTTPS

○Mitigate clickjacking with XFO or CSP

○Detected JavaScript libraries

100

SEO

○Structured data is valid

●Page isn’t blocked from indexing

●Document has a `<title>` element

●Document has a meta description

●Page has successful HTTP status code

●Links have descriptive text

●Links are crawlable

●robots.txt is valid

●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes

●Document has a valid `hreflang`

●Document has a valid `rel=canonical`

Browse & Analyze

Learn

Results for https://www.nature.com

Site Health

Top Priorities (5)

Lighthouse Scores

Core Web Vitals

Detailed Report

Performance

Insights

Diagnostics

Accessibility

Best Practices

Browser Compatibility

General

SEO

Lighthouse Scores

Core Web Vitals

Detailed Report

Performance

Insights

Diagnostics

Accessibility

Best Practices

Browser Compatibility

General

SEO

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