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Infrastructure

· 9 checks — DNS, redirects, IPv6, crawlability, URL variants, and domain intelligence rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
85
GRADE
B
FIX
1
REVIEW
3
PASS
5
INFO
0
Probed from Madrid, Spain
301 Moved Permanently
Checks
9
5 PASS 3 REVIEW 1 FIX
D
CDN & Delivery
Action
No CDN detected
FIX
No CDN detected
Warning::
No CDN detected
A CDN can significantly improve load times for users around the world by caching content at edge nodes closer to them.
No CDN detected

Consider using a CDN to improve global delivery speed and reduce origin load.

C
IPv6 Readiness
Action
No IPv6 support
REVIEW
No IPv6 support
Info::
No IPv6 (AAAA) records found
IPv6 support is increasingly important for global accessibility. About 40% of internet users have IPv6 connectivity.
No IPv6 Support
About 40% of internet users have IPv6. Consider adding AAAA records.

IPv6 support is increasingly important for global accessibility. About 40% of internet users have IPv6 connectivity.

Why this matters

No AAAA records — same impact as 'no IPv6 (AAAA) records'; IPv6-preferring clients pay extra latency falling back to IPv4.

Source: Google IPv6 stats

C
Crawlability
Action
robots.txt present, sitemap with 0 URLs
REVIEW
robots.txt present, sitemap with 0 URLs
Info::
robots.txt is present
Got: 10240 bytes
Info::
sitemap.xml is present
Warning::
sitemap.xml contains invalid XML
Search engines may not be able to parse the sitemap. Fix XML validation errors.
Warning::
sitemap.xml is empty — no URLs found
An empty sitemap provides no value. Add <url> entries for your pages.
Info::
robots.txt does not reference a sitemap
Add a 'Sitemap:' directive to robots.txt so search engines can discover your sitemap.

Search engines may not be able to parse the sitemap. Fix XML validation errors.

Why this matters

An unparseable sitemap is silently ignored by Google — the URLs it advertises are never queued for crawl.

Learn more ▾

Google's sitemap parser is strict about XML validity. A single unescaped `&` or unclosed tag invalidates the whole file. Run your sitemap through a validator (Search Console's Sitemaps report flags it) and fix the offending entry. Most generators escape correctly; mistakes usually come from manually-written entries.

Source: sitemaps.org / Google Search Central

An empty sitemap provides no value. Add <url> entries for your pages.

Why this matters

An empty sitemap signals 'no content to index' to Google — actively harmful versus having no sitemap at all.

Learn more ▾

Google compares URLs in the sitemap against URLs it has crawled. An empty sitemap on a site with thousands of pages signals abandonment. Either populate it correctly (most CMSes auto-generate) or delete the file and let Google crawl normally.

Source: Google Search Central / sitemaps.org

Add a 'Sitemap:' directive to robots.txt so search engines can discover your sitemap.

Why this matters

robots.txt omits Sitemap: directive — crawlers must fetch /sitemap.xml by convention; reliable but missing the explicit hint.

Source: sitemaps.org

robots.txt 200 OK
Size 10240 B Sitemaps referenced 0 User-agents Blocking No — crawling allowed
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en-US">
<head>
	<meta charset="UTF-8" />
	<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" />
<meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' />
<!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice start for languages.oup.com -->
<script type="text/javascript" src=https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/019092e7-fbb7-7ccc-8e42-27bfa2a06757/OtAutoBlock.js ></script>
<script src=https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js  type="text/javascript" charset="UTF-8" data-domain-script="019092e7-fbb7-7ccc-8e42-27bfa2a06757" ></script>
<script type="text/javascript">
		function OptanonWrapper() { }
</script>
<!-- OneTrust Cookies Consent Notice end for languages.oup.com -->
	<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https://yoast.com/product/yoast-seo-wordpress/ -->
	<meta name="description" content="The home of language data" />
	<link rel="canonical" href="https://languages.oup.com/" />
	<meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" />
	<meta property="og:type" content="website" />
	<meta property="og:title" content="Oxford Languages" />
	<meta property="og:description" content="The home of language data" />
	<meta property="og:url" content="https://languages.oup.com/" />
	<meta property="og:site_name" content="Oxford Languages" />
	<meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" />
	<script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"CollectionPage","@id":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/","url":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/","name":"Oxford Languages - The home of language data","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/#website"},"about":{"@id":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/#organization"},"description":"The home of language data","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/#website","url":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/","name":"Oxford Languages","description":"The home of language data","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/#organization","name":"Oxford Languages","url":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/languages.oup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/website-logo.png?fit=500%2C100&ssl=1","contentUrl":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/languages.oup.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/08\/website-logo.png?fit=500%2C100&ssl=1","width":500,"height":100,"caption":"Oxford Languages"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/languages.oup.com\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}</script>
	<!-- / Yoast SEO plugin. -->


<title>Oxford Languages - The home of language data</title>
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//s0.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//secure.gravatar.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//stats.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//widgets.wp.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//jetpack.wordpress.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//public-api.wordpress.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//0.gravatar.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//1.gravatar.com' />
<link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//2.gravatar.com' />
<link rel='preconnect' href='//i0.wp.com' />
<link rel='preconnect' href='//c0.wp.com' />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Oxford Languages &raquo; Feed" href="https://languages.oup.com/feed/" />
<link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Oxford Languages &raquo; Comments Feed" href="https://languages.oup.com/comments/feed/" />
<style id='wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css'>
img:is([sizes=auto i],[sizes^="auto," i]){contain-intrinsic-size:3000px 1500px}
/*# sourceURL=wp-img-auto-sizes-contain-inline-css */
</style>
<style id='wp-block-site-logo-inline-css'>
.wp-block-site-logo{box-sizing:border-box;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo a{display:inline-block;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo.is-default-size img{height:auto;width:120px}.wp-block-site-logo img{height:auto;max-width:100%}.wp-block-site-logo a,.wp-block-site-logo img{border-radius:inherit}.wp-block-site-logo.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:center}:root :where(.wp-block-site-logo.is-style-rounded){border-radius:9999px}
/*# sourceURL=https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg/build/styles/block-library/site-logo/style.min.css */
</style>
<style id='wp-block-navigation-link-inline-css'>
.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__label{overflow-wrap:break-word}.wp-block-navigation .wp-block-navigation-item__description{display:none}.link-ui-tools{outline:1px solid #f0f0f0;padding:8px}.link-ui-block-inserter{padding-top:8px}.link-ui-block-inserter__back{margin-left:8px;text-transform:uppercase}

				.is-style-arrow-link .wp-block-navigation-item__label:after {
					content: "\2197";
					padding-inline-start: 0.25rem;
					vertical-align: middle;
					text-decoration: none;
					display: inline-block;
				}
/*# sourceURL=wp-block-navigation-link-inline-css */
</style>
<style id='wp-block-button-inline-css'>
.wp-block-button__link{align-content:center;box-sizing:border-box;cursor:pointer;display:inline-block;height:100%;text-align:center;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-button__link.aligncenter{text-align:center}.wp-block-button__link.alignright{text-align:right}:where(.wp-block-button__link){border-radius:9999px;box-shadow:none;padding:calc(.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration:none}.wp-block-button[style*=text-decoration] .wp-block-button__link{text-decoration:inherit}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.has-custom-width{max-width:none}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.has-custom-width .wp-block-button__link{width:100%}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.has-custom-font-size .wp-block-button__link{font-size:inherit}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button[class*=wp-block-button__width]{width:calc(var(--wp--block-button--width)*1% - var(--wp--style--block-gap, .5em)*(1 - var(--wp--block-button--width)/100))}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-25{width:calc(25% - var(--wp--style--block-gap, .5em)*.75)}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-50{width:calc(50% - var(--wp--style--block-gap, .5em)*.5)}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-75{width:calc(75% - var(--wp--style--block-gap, .5em)*.25)}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-100{flex-basis:100%;width:100%}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical>.wp-block-button[class*=wp-block-button__width]{width:calc(var(--wp--block-button--width)*1%)}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-25{width:25%}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-50{width:50%}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical>.wp-block-button.wp-block-button__width-75{width:75%}.wp-block-button.is-style-squared,.wp-block-button__link.wp-block-button.is-style-squared{border-radius:0}.wp-block-button.no-border-radius,.wp-block-button__link.no-border-radius{border-radius:0!important}:root :where(.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline),:root :where(.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link){border:2px solid;padding:.667em 1.333em}:root :where(.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-text-color)),:root :where(.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color)){color:currentColor}:root :where(.wp-block-button .wp-block-button__link.is-style-outline:not(.has-background)),:root :where(.wp-block-button.is-style-outline>.wp-block-button__link:not(.has-background)){background-color:initial;background-image:none}
/*# sourceURL=https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/gutenberg/build/styles/block-library/button/style.min.css */
</style>
<style id='twentytwentyfour-button-style-outline-inline-css'>
.wp-block-button.is-style-outline
	> .wp-block-button__link:not(.has-text-color, .has-background):hover {
	background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2, var(--wp--preset--color--contrast, transparent));
	color: var(--wp--preset--color--base);
	border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--contrast-2, var(--wp--preset--color--contrast, currentColor));
}

/*# sourceURL=https://languages.oup.com/wp-content/themes/twentytwentyfour/assets/css/button-outline.css */
</style>
<style id='wp-block-buttons-inline-css'>
.wp-block-buttons{box-sizing:border-box}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical{flex-direction:column}.wp-block-buttons.is-vertical>.wp-block-button:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-buttons>.wp-block-button{display:inline-block;margin:0}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-left{justify-content:flex-start}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-left.is-vertical{align-items:flex-start}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-center{justify-content:center}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-center.is-vertical{align-items:center}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-right{justify-content:flex-end}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-right.is-vertical{align-items:flex-end}.wp-block-buttons.is-content-justification-space-between{justify-content:space-between}.wp-block-buttons.aligncenter{text-align:center}.wp-block-buttons:not(.is-content-justification-space-between,.is-content-justification-right,.is-content-justification-left,.is-content-justification-center) .wp-block-button.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:100%}.wp-block-buttons[style*=text-decoration] .wp-block-button,.wp-block-buttons[style*=text-decoration] .wp-block-button__link{text-decoration:inherit}.wp-block-buttons.has-custom-font-size .wp-block-button__link{font-size:inherit}.
sitemap.xml 200 OK
Type URL Set URLs 0 entries Valid XML No
B
TLS Certificate Expiry & Recommendations
78 days until leaf cert expires — 3 issues to address
REVIEW

Certificate validity

78
days left
0d 30d 60d 90d+

Recommended actions

  • Enable HSTS: Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
  • Enable DNSSEC on your domain for DNS spoofing protection
  • Enable OCSP stapling on your TLS server to remove a CA roundtrip and protect user privacy
A+
DNS Records
2 A records, 47 ms lookup
PASS
2 A records, 47 ms lookup
Info::
Resolves to 2 IPv4 address(es)
Got: 76.223.34.124, 13.248.160.137
Info::
No IPv6 (AAAA) records
Info::
4 nameserver(s) configured
Got: ns-1638.awsdns-12.co.uk, ns-677.awsdns-20.net, ns-1520.awsdns-62.org, ns-504.awsdns-63.com
Info::
1 mail exchanger(s) configured
Info::
CAA records not checked
CAA record lookup requires a specialized DNS resolver. This check will be available in a future update.
Info::
SPF record present in TXT
Info::
DNS resolution time: 47 ms
Got: 47 ms
A76.223.34.124, 13.248.160.137
AAAA—
CNAME—
NSns-1638.awsdns-12.co.uk, ns-677.awsdns-20.net, ns-1520.awsdns-62.org, ns-504.awsdns-63.com
MX
10 oup-com.mail.protection.outlook.com
TXT
MS=ms20572696
stripe-verification=754d69e20abd8a83a9edf18fd34b439bb6054f8ec7e31c93c96a9eadd3e9...
SPF v=spf1 mx include:spf.protection.outlook.com ~all
CAALookup not available with standard resolver
Resolved in 47 ms

CAA record lookup requires a specialized DNS resolver. This check will be available in a future update.

Why this matters

Informational: CAA (Certification Authority Authorization) records weren't checked in this scan.

A
Redirect Chain
1 redirect(s), 602 ms total
PASS
1 redirect(s), 602 ms total
Info::
Single redirect
Got: https://oxforddictionaries.com → https://languages.oup.com/ (301)
Info::
Redirect overhead: 602 ms total
Got: 602 ms
Info::
Cross-domain redirect detected

https://oxforddictionaries.com

474 ms · HTTP/1.1

301

https://languages.oup.com/

127 ms · HTTP/1.1 FINAL

#URLStatusTimeProtocolServer
1https://oxforddictionaries.com301474 msHTTP/1.1urllo
2https://languages.oup.com/200127 msHTTP/1.1cloudflare

See the visual redirect chain in the HTTP Probe tab →

A+
URL Variants
www/non-www, trailing slash, HTTP→HTTPS
PASS
www/non-www, trailing slash, HTTP→HTTPS
Info::
www/non-www redirect configured correctly (preferred: non-www)
Info::
HTTP correctly 301-redirects to HTTPS

www / non-www

301https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/
200https://oxforddictionaries.com/

Preferred variant: non-www

HTTP → HTTPS

301http://oxforddictionaries.com/ → https://languages.oup.com/

Consistent

A+
Domain Intelligence
oxforddictionaries.com — via CSC Corporate Domains, Inc., 26 years, 1 months old, hosted on AWS
PASS
oxforddictionaries.com — via CSC Corporate Domains, Inc., 26 years, 1 months old, hosted on AWS
Info::
Domain registered until Jul 31, 2026 (3 months remaining)
Info::
DNSSEC is not enabled
DNSSEC protects against DNS spoofing attacks. While not required, enabling DNSSEC adds an additional layer of security. Contact your DNS provider to enable it.
Info::
Registrar: CSC Corporate Domains, Inc.
Warning::
Registrar lock is NOT enabled
The domain can be transferred without an unlock step. Enable registrar lock (clientTransferProhibited) in your registrar's control panel to protect against unauthorized or accidental transfers.
Info::
Hosting: AWS
Got: AS16509
Domain expiry

46 days

July 31, 2026

SSL certificate

78 days

Issued by Let's Encrypt

Domain age

26 years, 1 months

Registered July 31, 2000

DNSSEC

Not enabled

Protects against DNS spoofing

Hosting

AWS

ASN AS16509

76.223.34.124

Registrar

CSC Corporate Domains, Inc.

Unlocked 4 NS records
Expiry timeline
Today
+1 year
Domain expiry SSL expiry Danger zone (≤30 days)
Recommended actions
  • Renew the domain or enable auto-renewal to prevent accidental expiry
  • Enable DNSSEC to protect visitors from DNS spoofing
  • Enable registrar lock (clientTransferProhibited) to block unauthorized domain transfers
Registrar CSC Corporate Domains, Inc.
Created July 31, 2000 (26 years, 1 months ago)
Expires July 31, 2026 (3 months)
Last Updated July 27, 2025
Name Servers ns-1520.awsdns-62.org, ns-1638.awsdns-12.co.uk, ns-504.awsdns-63.com, ns-677.awsdns-20.net
DNSSEC Not enabled
Hosting
IP Address 76.223.34.124
ASN AS16509 (AMAZON-02 - Amazon.com, Inc., US)
Provider AWS
Data source: rdap (0.3s)

DNSSEC protects against DNS spoofing attacks. While not required, enabling DNSSEC adds an additional layer of security. Contact your DNS provider to enable it.

Why this matters

Without DNSSEC, an attacker who can poison your DNS can hijack your domain — and SSL certs alone don't stop them.

Learn more ▾

DNSSEC adds cryptographic signatures to DNS records, preventing forged responses from poisoning resolver caches. Without it, an attacker who controls the network path can redirect your domain to a malicious server before any HTTPS handshake happens. Most modern registrars (Cloudflare, Google Domains, Route 53) enable it with one toggle.

Source: ICANN / RFC 4033

The domain can be transferred without an unlock step. Enable registrar lock (clientTransferProhibited) in your registrar's control panel to protect against unauthorized or accidental transfers.

Why this matters

Without registrar lock, an attacker who phishes your registrar credentials can transfer the domain in minutes — total brand hijack.

Learn more ▾

Registrar lock (clientTransferProhibited, clientUpdateProhibited, clientDeleteProhibited) requires extra verification before any transfer/update/delete. Every major registrar offers it free. Combined with 2FA on your registrar account, it's the strongest defense against domain hijacking.

Source: ICANN / domain-security best practice

A
HTTP Probe Timing
Total 500 ms — DNS, TCP, TLS, TTFB, content transfer breakdown
PASS
DNS Lookup DNS Lookup — time to resolve the domain name to an IP address.
36 ms
TCP Connect TCP Connect — time to establish a TCP connection to the server.
1 ms
TLS Handshake TLS Handshake — time to complete the HTTPS encryption handshake.
307 ms
Time to First Byte Time to First Byte — how long the server takes to respond with the first byte of data.
500 ms
Total Time Total request time from DNS lookup through full response.
500 ms

Connection waterfall

DNS Lookup 36 ms TCP Connect 1 ms TLS Handshake 307 ms Server Processing 156 ms Content Transfer 0 ms
All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

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