Skip to content
https://oup.com

Performance

· 17 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
71
GRADE
C
FIX
6
REVIEW
2
PASS
7
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
45
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
92
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
100
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
92
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

7.14 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

21.20 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

474 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.000

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

8.81 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

21.99 s

Page Load Progression

375 ms
750 ms
1.1 s
1.5 s
1.9 s
2.2 s
2.6 s
3.0 s
Checks
17
7 PASS 2 REVIEW 6 FIX
F
Page Weight Budget
Action
4.6 MB transferred, 76 requests
FIX
4.6 MB transferred, 76 requests
Critical::
Page weighs 7.6 MB (4.6 MB transferred)
Warning::
Images are 3.3 MB — compress or use modern formats
Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.
Got: 3.3 MB
Warning::
JavaScript is 951 KB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 951 KB
Info::
76 HTTP requests
Info::
Estimated 0.96 g CO2 per page load
4.6 MB / 2.4 MB budget
4.6 MB transferred
76 requests
0.96 g CO2 per page load
Images 3.3 MiB 73%
JavaScript 950.5 KiB 20%
Fonts 133.4 KiB 3%
CSS 120.8 KiB 3%
Other 34.4 KiB 1%
HTML 15.6 KiB 0%
Other 2.5 KiB 0%
Other 1.8 KiB 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Over budget

Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.

Why this matters

Image bandwidth is high — modern formats (WebP/AVIF) and resizing typically cut it 50%+.

Source: web.dev

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

D
Third-Party Impact
Action
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
FIX
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Warning::
Third-party code accounts for 100% of page weight (4.6 MiB of 4.6 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
100%
First-party Third-party
D
JS Execution Cost
Action
2219ms total JS execution
FIX
2219ms total JS execution
Warning::
Unattributable: 498ms CPU time
Warning::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-P9D...: 355ms CPU time
Warning::
https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery....: 275ms CPU time
Info::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LQ50...: 245ms CPU time
Info::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GT-MK5...: 223ms CPU time
Warning::
Third-party scripts: 2219ms (100% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 51% Other 22% Style & Layout 12% Script Parsing & Compilation 10% Parse HTML & CSS 4%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
Unattributable498ms63ms0ms3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-P9DWG6K9355ms306ms45ms3rd
https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1275ms195ms6ms3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LQ502PJ7GJ245ms104ms34ms3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GT-MK57K4S223ms171ms35ms3rd
https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/otBannerSdk.js223ms149ms33ms3rd
https://corp.oup.com/150ms13ms5ms3rd
https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gsap/3.11.3/gsap.min.js?ver=6.9.4136ms33ms5ms3rd
https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key&ver=6.9.4112ms68ms32ms3rd
D
JS Bundles
Action
28 scripts, 435 KB unused
FIX
28 scripts, 435 KB unused
Warning::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LQ50...: 66 KB unused (42%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key&ver=6....: 65 KB unused (65%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GT-MK5...: 62 KB unused (39%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/20...: 61 KB unused (54%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-P9D...: 58 KB unused (44%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 435 KB
435 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LQ502PJ7GJ157 KB66 KB (42%)✓3rd
https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key&ver=6.9.4100 KB65 KB (65%)✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GT-MK57K4S160 KB62 KB (39%)✓3rd
https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/otBannerSdk.js112 KB61 KB (54%)✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-P9DWG6K9131 KB58 KB (44%)✓3rd
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/lottie.min.js?ver=169442660065 KB57 KB (88%)✓3rd
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/fancybox.min.js?ver=169442660030 KB25 KB (85%)✓3rd
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/wpo365-login/apps/dist/pintra-redirect.js?ver=41.229 KB22 KB (75%)✓3rd
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/swiper-bundle.min.js?ver=169442660038 KB21 KB (55%)✓3rd
https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ScrollMagic/2.0.7/ScrollMagic.min.js?ver=6.9.46 KB—✓3rd

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

F
Page Weight Inventory
Action
76 resources · 4.6 MB · 435 KB savings available
FIX
76 resources · 4.6 MB · 435 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 3.6 MB over 1MB target
Got: 4.6 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~435 KB of savings available
Warning::
75 third-party resources (100% of weight)
Info::
5 resources over 200KB
76 resources · 4.6 MiB · 75 third-party 3.6 MiB over 1MB target
Image 73% · 3.3 MiB
JavaScript 21% · 964.1 KiB
Font 3% · 133.4 KiB
CSS 3% · 125.1 KiB
Other 0% · 18.5 KiB
Document 0% · 15.7 KiB

~435.5 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 435.5 KiB
F
HTTP Caching
Action
No cache headers
FIX
No cache headers
Warning::
No Cache-Control header found
Browsers will use heuristic caching, which can be unpredictable. Set explicit cache headers.

No Cache-Control header

Adding a Cache-Control header can significantly improve repeat-visit performance.

C
Image Optimization
Action
21 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
21 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/OU... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Po... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/i... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/po... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/i... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Wi... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/i... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/i... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
21 images 3.3 MB
0 oversized -0 KB
10 legacy format
8 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

C
Green Hosting
Action
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
REVIEW

Green Hosting

No green hosting detected

A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
4 fonts (133 KB)
PASS
4 fonts (133 KB)
Info::
4 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

4

133 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 4

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 2.0 s 4.0 s 6.0 s 8.0 s 10.0 s 12.0 s 14.0 s 16.0 s 18.0 s 20.0 s 22.0 s FCP 7.1 s LCP 21.2 shttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVTS-mu0SC55I.woff2memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVTS-mu0SC55I.woff2 — 42.0 KiB — 102 ms — font-display: swaphttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/dmserifdisplay/v17/-nFnOHM81r4j6k0gjAW3mujVU2B2G_Bx0vrx52g.woff2-nFnOHM81r4j6k0gjAW3muj... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/dmserifdisplay/v17/-nFnOHM81r4j6k0gjAW3mujVU2B2G_Bx0vrx52g.woff2 — 17.5 KiB — 97 ms — font-display: swaphttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memtYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWqWuU6FxZCJgg.woff2memtYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIc... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memtYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWqWuU6FxZCJgg.woff2 — 44.0 KiB — 105 ms — font-display: swaphttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVTSGmu0SC55K5gw.woff2memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVTSGmu0SC55K5gw.woff2 — 29.9 KiB — 96 ms — font-display: swap
memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX... woff2 swap
Size 42 KB
Load time 102 ms
Start 1.2 s
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
-nFnOHM81r4j6k0gjAW3muj... woff2 swap
Size 17 KB
Load time 97 ms
Start 1.2 s
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
memtYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIc... woff2 swap
Size 44 KB
Load time 105 ms
Start 1.2 s
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX... woff2 swap
Size 30 KB
Load time 96 ms
Start 1.2 s
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)
A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
No optimization needed
PASS
No optimization needed
Info::
No resource hint issues
A+
Render-Blocking Resources
No render-blocking resources detected
PASS
No render-blocking resources detected
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected in <head>
A+
Third-Party Resources
No third-party resources detected
PASS
No third-party resources detected
Network Waterfall
76 requests over 1898ms
INFO
0 ms 2.0 s 4.0 s 6.0 s 8.0 s 10.0 s 12.0 s 14.0 s 16.0 s 18.0 s 20.0 s 22.0 s FCP 7.1 s LCP 21.2 shttps://oup.com// https://oup.com/ — 301 — 106 B — 122 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/corp.oup.com/ https://corp.oup.com/ — 200 — 15.6 KiB — 80 ms — h2https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.jscdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttempl... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js — 200 — 9.1 KiB — 116 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/build/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.css?ver=7.7.13corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/eve... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/build/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.css?ver=7.7.13 — 200 — 476 B — 77 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.9.4corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dist/b... https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 16.0 KiB — 56 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/maxmegamenu/style.css?ver=1bf382corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/max... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/maxmegamenu/style.css?ver=1bf382 — 200 — 8.1 KiB — 71 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.9.4corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dashic... https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 34.5 KiB — 65 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/genericons/genericons/genericons.css?ver=2.2.8corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/meg... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/genericons/genericons/genericons.css?ver=2.2.8 — 200 — 16.0 KiB — 84 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/fontawesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=2.2.8corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/meg... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/fontawesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=2.2.8 — 200 — 6.9 KiB — 60 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/fontawesome5/css/all.min.css?ver=2.2.8corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/meg... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/fontawesome5/css/all.min.css?ver=2.2.8 — 200 — 11.7 KiB — 102 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/style.css?ver=1694426597corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/style.css?ver=1694426597 — 200 — 282 B — 80 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/custom.css?ver=1743667090corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/custom.css?ver=1743667090 — 200 — 23.7 KiB — 96 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/... https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1 — 200 — 30.9 KiB — 86 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/... https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1 — 200 — 5.0 KiB — 78 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/swiper-bundle.min.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/swiper-bundle.min.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 37.7 KiB — 68 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/feather.min.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/feather.min.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 20.1 KiB — 103 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/aos.min.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/aos.min.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 4.5 KiB — 81 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/lottie.min.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/lottie.min.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 65.3 KiB — 102 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/fancybox.min.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/fancybox.min.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 29.7 KiB — 119 ms — h2https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key&ver=6.9.4maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key... https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key&ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 100.4 KiB — 278 ms — h2https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ScrollMagic/2.0.7/ScrollMagic.min.js?ver=6.9.4cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Scro... https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ScrollMagic/2.0.7/ScrollMagic.min.js?ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 6.0 KiB — 73 ms — h3https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ScrollMagic/2.0.7/plugins/debug.addIndicators.min.js?ver=6.9.4cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Scro... https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ScrollMagic/2.0.7/plugins/debug.addIndicators.min.js?ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 2.5 KiB — 82 ms — h3https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gsap/3.11.3/gsap.min.js?ver=6.9.4cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gsap... https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gsap/3.11.3/gsap.min.js?ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 25.2 KiB — 99 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/gsap.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/gsap.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 4.7 KiB — 85 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/scripts.js?ver=1730984267corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/scripts.js?ver=1730984267 — 200 — 2.6 KiB — 61 ms — h2https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Serif+Display:ital@0;1&family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;0,800;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,600;1,700;1,800&display=swapfonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM... https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Serif+Display:ital@0;1&family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;0,800;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,600;1,700;1,800&display=swap — 200 — 3.1 KiB — 854 ms — h2https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LQ502PJ7GJwww.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LQ502PJ7GJ — 200 — 157.3 KiB — 275 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/oxford-logo.svgcorp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/oxford-logo.svg — 200 — 1.0 KiB — 66 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/university-press-logo.svgcorp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/university-press-logo.svg — 200 — 2.1 KiB — 53 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/OUPdotcom_hero_winner2.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/OUPdotcom_hero_winner2.png — 200 — 177.5 KiB — 52 ms — h3
0 ms 2.0 s 4.0 s 6.0 s 8.0 s 10.0 s 12.0 s 14.0 s 16.0 s 18.0 s 20.0 s 22.0 s FCP 7.1 s LCP 21.2 shttps://oup.com// https://oup.com/ — 301 — 106 B — 122 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/corp.oup.com/ https://corp.oup.com/ — 200 — 15.6 KiB — 80 ms — h2https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.jscdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttempl... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js — 200 — 9.1 KiB — 116 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/build/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.css?ver=7.7.13corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/eve... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/events-calendar-pro/build/css/tribe-events-pro-mini-calendar-block.css?ver=7.7.13 — 200 — 476 B — 77 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.9.4corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dist/b... https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/style.min.css?ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 16.0 KiB — 56 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/maxmegamenu/style.css?ver=1bf382corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/max... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/maxmegamenu/style.css?ver=1bf382 — 200 — 8.1 KiB — 71 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.9.4corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dashic... https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/css/dashicons.min.css?ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 34.5 KiB — 65 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/genericons/genericons/genericons.css?ver=2.2.8corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/meg... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/genericons/genericons/genericons.css?ver=2.2.8 — 200 — 16.0 KiB — 84 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/fontawesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=2.2.8corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/meg... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/fontawesome/css/font-awesome.min.css?ver=2.2.8 — 200 — 6.9 KiB — 60 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/fontawesome5/css/all.min.css?ver=2.2.8corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/meg... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/icons/fontawesome5/css/all.min.css?ver=2.2.8 — 200 — 11.7 KiB — 102 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/style.css?ver=1694426597corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/style.css?ver=1694426597 — 200 — 282 B — 80 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/custom.css?ver=1743667090corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/custom.css?ver=1743667090 — 200 — 23.7 KiB — 96 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/... https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1 — 200 — 30.9 KiB — 86 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/... https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1 — 200 — 5.0 KiB — 78 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/swiper-bundle.min.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/swiper-bundle.min.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 37.7 KiB — 68 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/feather.min.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/feather.min.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 20.1 KiB — 103 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/aos.min.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/aos.min.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 4.5 KiB — 81 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/lottie.min.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/lottie.min.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 65.3 KiB — 102 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/fancybox.min.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/fancybox.min.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 29.7 KiB — 119 ms — h2https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key&ver=6.9.4maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key... https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key&ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 100.4 KiB — 278 ms — h2https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ScrollMagic/2.0.7/ScrollMagic.min.js?ver=6.9.4cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Scro... https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ScrollMagic/2.0.7/ScrollMagic.min.js?ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 6.0 KiB — 73 ms — h3https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ScrollMagic/2.0.7/plugins/debug.addIndicators.min.js?ver=6.9.4cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/Scro... https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ScrollMagic/2.0.7/plugins/debug.addIndicators.min.js?ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 2.5 KiB — 82 ms — h3https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gsap/3.11.3/gsap.min.js?ver=6.9.4cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gsap... https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/gsap/3.11.3/gsap.min.js?ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 25.2 KiB — 99 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/gsap.js?ver=1694426600corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/lib/gsap.js?ver=1694426600 — 200 — 4.7 KiB — 85 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/scripts.js?ver=1730984267corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/js/scripts.js?ver=1730984267 — 200 — 2.6 KiB — 61 ms — h2https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Serif+Display:ital@0;1&family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;0,800;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,600;1,700;1,800&display=swapfonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM... https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Serif+Display:ital@0;1&family=Open+Sans:ital,wght@0,300;0,400;0,500;0,600;0,700;0,800;1,300;1,400;1,500;1,600;1,700;1,800&display=swap — 200 — 3.1 KiB — 854 ms — h2https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LQ502PJ7GJwww.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-LQ502PJ7GJ — 200 — 157.3 KiB — 275 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/oxford-logo.svgcorp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/oxford-logo.svg — 200 — 1.0 KiB — 66 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/university-press-logo.svgcorp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/university-press-logo.svg — 200 — 2.1 KiB — 53 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/OUPdotcom_hero_winner2.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/OUPdotcom_hero_winner2.png — 200 — 177.5 KiB — 52 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Ticker.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Ticker.png — 200 — 149.6 KiB — 31 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Untitled-design-2026-04-09T155140.381.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Untitled-design-2026-04-09T155140.381.png — 200 — 299.8 KiB — 58 ms — h3https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/0190930b-8426-7b2a-9152-48423ec9cf4a/0190930b-8426-7b2a-9152-48423ec9cf4a.jsoncdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/019... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/0190930b-8426-7b2a-9152-48423ec9cf4a/0190930b-8426-7b2a-9152-48423ec9cf4a.json — 200 — 2.3 KiB — 137 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/build/js/user-agent.js?ver=da75d0bdea6dde3898dfcorp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/the... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/the-events-calendar/common/build/js/user-agent.js?ver=da75d0bdea6dde3898df — 200 — 428 B — 31 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/hoverIn... https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/hoverIntent.min.js?ver=1.10.2 — 200 — 956 B — 32 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu/js/maxmegamenu.js?ver=3.8.1corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/meg... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu/js/maxmegamenu.js?ver=3.8.1 — 200 — 7.1 KiB — 23 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/assets/public.js?ver=2.2.8corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/meg... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/megamenu-pro/assets/public.js?ver=2.2.8 — 200 — 4.6 KiB — 34 ms — h3https://geolocation.onetrust.com/cookieconsentpub/v1/geo/locationgeolocation.onetrust.com/cookiecons... https://geolocation.onetrust.com/cookieconsentpub/v1/geo/location — 200 — 222 B — 123 ms — h2https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/mapsjs/gen_204?csp_test=truemaps.googleapis.com/maps/api/mapsjs... https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/mapsjs/gen_204?csp_test=true — 200 — 45 B — 133 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/wpo365-login/apps/dist/pintra-redirect.js?ver=41.2corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/wpo... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/plugins/wpo365-login/apps/dist/pintra-redirect.js?ver=41.2 — 200 — 29.0 KiB — 36 ms — h3https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GT-MK57K4Swww.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=GT-MK57K4S — 200 — 159.5 KiB — 103 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Untitled-design-2026-04-10T113656.987.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Untitled-design-2026-04-10T113656.987.png — 200 — 636.9 KiB — 40 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Untitled-design-2026-04-08T152825.803.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Untitled-design-2026-04-08T152825.803.png — 200 — 10.1 KiB — 31 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Untitled-design-2026-04-01T154639.275.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Untitled-design-2026-04-01T154639.275.png — 200 — 205.6 KiB — 79 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/MPEPIL-S2O-image-asset-1200-x-628.jpgcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/MPEPIL-S2O-image-asset-1200-x-628.jpg — 200 — 441.3 KiB — 36 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Wildflower_portfolio_image.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/Wildflower_portfolio_image.png — 200 — 153.4 KiB — 35 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/portfolio_englishfile.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/portfolio_englishfile.png — 200 — 124.1 KiB — 28 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Portfolio-_OLP_v3.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/05/Portfolio-_OLP_v3.png — 200 — 166.8 KiB — 37 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Untitled-design-2026-02-10T115155.238.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Untitled-design-2026-02-10T115155.238.png — 200 — 143.7 KiB — 48 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Pulishing-tips-900x900.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/Pulishing-tips-900x900.png — 200 — 228.5 KiB — 74 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Untitled-design-2026-04-08T103927.052.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/04/Untitled-design-2026-04-08T103927.052.png — 200 — 59.3 KiB — 26 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/icons/social/LinkedIn_white.svgcorp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/icons/social/LinkedIn_white.svg — 200 — 199.1 KiB — 38 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/icons/social/Instagram_white.svgcorp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/icons/social/Instagram_white.svg — 200 — 200.0 KiB — 40 ms — h3https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-5XL7MSTSwww.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-5XL7MSTS — -1 — 0 B — 116 ms — https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/icons/social/YouTube_white.svgcorp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/icons/social/YouTube_white.svg — 200 — 198.9 KiB — 47 ms — h3https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/icons/social/Twitter_white.svgcorp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/themes/oup-theme/img/icons/social/Twitter_white.svg — 200 — 567 B — 36 ms — h3https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-P9DWG6K9www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-P9DWG6K9 — 200 — 130.7 KiB — 133 ms — h3https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/otBannerSdk.jscdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttempl... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/otBannerSdk.js — 200 — 111.9 KiB — 75 ms — h2https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVTS-mu0SC55I.woff2fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/me... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVTS-mu0SC55I.woff2 — 200 — 42.0 KiB — 102 ms — h3https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/dmserifdisplay/v17/-nFnOHM81r4j6k0gjAW3mujVU2B2G_Bx0vrx52g.woff2fonts.gstatic.com/s/dmserifdisplay/... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/dmserifdisplay/v17/-nFnOHM81r4j6k0gjAW3mujVU2B2G_Bx0vrx52g.woff2 — 200 — 17.5 KiB — 97 ms — h3https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memtYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWqWuU6FxZCJgg.woff2fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/me... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memtYaGs126MiZpBA-UFUIcVXSCEkx2cmqvXlWqWuU6FxZCJgg.woff2 — 200 — 44.0 KiB — 105 ms — h3https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVTSGmu0SC55K5gw.woff2fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/me... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/memvYaGs126MiZpBA-UvWbX2vVnXBbObj2OVTSGmu0SC55K5gw.woff2 — 200 — 29.9 KiB — 96 ms — h3blob:https://corp.oup.com/01e034ca-f33d-4013-90b7-616de022769bcorp.oup.com/01e034ca-f33d-4013-90b... blob:https://corp.oup.com/01e034ca-f33d-4013-90b7-616de022769b — 200 — -1 B — 99 ms — blobhttps://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/0190930b-8426-7b2a-9152-48423ec9cf4a/0193217b-06d8-70e6-a59f-d2e4054e752a/en.jsoncdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/019... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/consent/0190930b-8426-7b2a-9152-48423ec9cf4a/0193217b-06d8-70e6-a59f-d2e4054e752a/en.json — 200 — 11.3 KiB — 76 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.9.4corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/wp-emoj... https://corp.oup.com/wp-includes/js/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=6.9.4 — 200 — 5.4 KiB — 31 ms — h3https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/assets/otFlat.jsoncdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttempl... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/assets/otFlat.json — 200 — 3.2 KiB — 50 ms — h2https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/assets/v2/otPcCenter.jsoncdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttempl... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/assets/v2/otPcCenter.json — 200 — 12.6 KiB — 57 ms — h2https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/assets/otCookieSettingsButton.jsoncdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttempl... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/assets/otCookieSettingsButton.json — 200 — 1.9 KiB — 56 ms — h2https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/assets/otCommonStyles.csscdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttempl... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/scripttemplates/202410.1.0/assets/otCommonStyles.css — 200 — 4.3 KiB — 47 ms — h2https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/favicon-1.pngcorp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/202... https://corp.oup.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/10/favicon-1.png — 200 — 1.7 KiB — 31 ms — h3https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/logos/static/ot_guard_logo.svgcdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/logos/stati... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/logos/static/ot_guard_logo.svg — 200 — 567 B — 58 ms — h2https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/logos/static/ot_company_logo.pngcdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/logos/stati... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/logos/static/ot_company_logo.png — 200 — 19.1 KiB — 43 ms — h2https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/logos/static/powered_by_logo.svgcdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/logos/stati... https://cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com/logos/static/powered_by_logo.svg — 200 — 2.7 KiB — 41 ms — h2https://region1.google-analytics.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-ZF5BBXPQ2B&gtm=45Pe64f0v9167572867za200zd9167572867&_p=1776361420334&gcs=G100&gcd=13p3p3p2p5l1&npa=1&dma_cps=-&dma=1&gdid=dYWJhMj.dZTNiMT&are=1&cid=1476220562.1776361422&frm=0&pscdl=denied&rcb=13&sr=412x823&uaa=&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.55%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&uamb=1&uap=Android&uapv=11.0&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115938465~115938469~117266400&sid=1776361420&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fcorp.oup.com%2F&dt=Homepage%20-%20Oxford%20University%20Press&en=page_view&_fv=1&_nsi=1&_ss=1&_ee=1&tfd=1809region1.google-analytics.com/g/coll... https://region1.google-analytics.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-ZF5BBXPQ2B&gtm=45Pe64f0v9167572867za200zd9167572867&_p=1776361420334&gcs=G100&gcd=13p3p3p2p5l1&npa=1&dma_cps=-&dma=1&gdid=dYWJhMj.dZTNiMT&are=1&cid=1476220562.1776361422&frm=0&pscdl=denied&rcb=13&sr=412x823&uaa=&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.55%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&uamb=1&uap=Android&uapv=11.0&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115938465~115938469~117266400&sid=1776361420&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fcorp.oup.com%2F&dt=Homepage%20-%20Oxford%20University%20Press&en=page_view&_fv=1&_nsi=1&_ss=1&_ee=1&tfd=1809 — 204 — 48 B — 89 ms — h2https://region1.google-analytics.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-91PRQFD8WG&gtm=45Pe64f0v9167572867za200zd9167572867&_p=1776361420334&gcs=G100&gcd=13p3p3p2p5l1&npa=1&dma_cps=-&dma=1&gdid=dYWJhMj.dZTNiMT&are=1&cid=1476220562.1776361422&frm=0&pscdl=denied&rcb=13&sr=412x823&uaa=&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.55%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&uamb=1&uap=Android&uapv=11.0&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115938465~115938469~117266400&sid=1776361420&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fcorp.oup.com%2F&dt=Homepage%20-%20Oxford%20University%20Press&en=page_view&_fv=1&_ss=1&_ee=1&tfd=1812region1.google-analytics.com/g/coll... https://region1.google-analytics.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-91PRQFD8WG&gtm=45Pe64f0v9167572867za200zd9167572867&_p=1776361420334&gcs=G100&gcd=13p3p3p2p5l1&npa=1&dma_cps=-&dma=1&gdid=dYWJhMj.dZTNiMT&are=1&cid=1476220562.1776361422&frm=0&pscdl=denied&rcb=13&sr=412x823&uaa=&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.55%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&uamb=1&uap=Android&uapv=11.0&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115938465~115938469~117266400&sid=1776361420&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fcorp.oup.com%2F&dt=Homepage%20-%20Oxford%20University%20Press&en=page_view&_fv=1&_ss=1&_ee=1&tfd=1812 — 204 — 547 B — 84 ms — h2https://region1.google-analytics.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-LQ502PJ7GJ&gtm=45je64f0v9166788724za200zd9166788724&_p=1776361420334&gcs=G100&gcd=13p3p3p2p5l1&npa=1&dma_cps=-&dma=1&gdid=dYWJhMj.dZTNiMT&are=1&cid=1476220562.1776361422&frm=0&pscdl=denied&rcb=8&sr=412x823&uaa=&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.55%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&uamb=1&uap=Android&uapv=11.0&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115616986~115938465~115938469~117266400&sid=1776361420&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fcorp.oup.com%2F&dt=Homepage%20-%20Oxford%20University%20Press&en=page_view&_fv=1&_ss=1&_ee=1&tfd=1824region1.google-analytics.com/g/coll... https://region1.google-analytics.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-LQ502PJ7GJ&gtm=45je64f0v9166788724za200zd9166788724&_p=1776361420334&gcs=G100&gcd=13p3p3p2p5l1&npa=1&dma_cps=-&dma=1&gdid=dYWJhMj.dZTNiMT&are=1&cid=1476220562.1776361422&frm=0&pscdl=denied&rcb=8&sr=412x823&uaa=&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.55%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&uamb=1&uap=Android&uapv=11.0&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115616986~115938465~115938469~117266400&sid=1776361420&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fcorp.oup.com%2F&dt=Homepage%20-%20Oxford%20University%20Press&en=page_view&_fv=1&_ss=1&_ee=1&tfd=1824 — 204 — 48 B — 73 ms — h2
HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
100% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 2219ms · 732KB · $29/mo
Unattributable
Other
Costly
Execution 498ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost $7/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Costly
Execution 355ms
Transfer 131 KB
Unused 44%
Monthly Cost $5/mo
corp.oup.com
Other
Costly
Execution 275ms
Transfer 31 KB
Monthly Cost $4/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Costly
Execution 245ms
Transfer 157 KB
Unused 42%
Monthly Cost $3/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Costly
Execution 223ms
Transfer 160 KB
Unused 39%
Monthly Cost $3/mo
cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com
Other
Costly
Execution 223ms
Transfer 112 KB
Unused 54%
Monthly Cost $3/mo
corp.oup.com
Other
Optional
Execution 150ms
Transfer 16 KB
Monthly Cost $2/mo
cdnjs
CDN
Optional
Execution 136ms
Transfer 25 KB
Monthly Cost $2/mo
maps.googleapis.com
Other
Optional
Execution 112ms
Transfer 100 KB
Unused 65%
Monthly Cost $1/mo

These scripts may cost more than they're worth

  • Unattributable adds 498ms and costs ~$7/month
  • Google Tag Manager adds 355ms and costs ~$5/month
  • corp.oup.com adds 275ms and costs ~$4/month
  • Google Tag Manager adds 245ms and costs ~$3/month
  • Google Tag Manager adds 223ms and costs ~$3/month
  • cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com adds 223ms and costs ~$3/month

100% of JavaScript execution time is spent on third-party scripts. Consider auditing which scripts are essential.

Why this matters

When third-party JS execution time exceeds your own, performance gains from frontend work are capped by code you don't own.

Learn more ▾

Every millisecond of third-party JS competes with your own for main-thread time. If their share is bigger than yours, optimization on your code base barely moves the needle. Audit, defer, or remove third-parties before further frontend optimization. Use Lighthouse's third-party audit to identify the worst offenders.

Source: web.dev

Unattributable takes 498ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

Google Tag Manager takes 355ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

corp.oup.com takes 275ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

Google Tag Manager takes 245ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

Google Tag Manager takes 223ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com takes 223ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

54% of cdn-ukwest.onetrust.com's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

65% of maps.googleapis.com's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

Send Feedback