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Performance

· 15 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
78
GRADE
C
FIX
3
REVIEW
3
PASS
7
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
50
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
88
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
100
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
92
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

1.23 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

2.66 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

1.46 s

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.046

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

1.88 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

7.20 s

Page Load Progression

545 ms
1.1 s
1.6 s
2.2 s
2.7 s
3.3 s
3.8 s
4.4 s
Checks
15
7 PASS 3 REVIEW 3 FIX
F
Page Weight Budget
Action
8.6 MB transferred, 104 requests
FIX
8.6 MB transferred, 104 requests
Critical::
Page weighs 39.9 MB (8.6 MB transferred)
Warning::
JavaScript is 4.7 MB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 4.7 MB
Warning::
Images are 1.9 MB — compress or use modern formats
Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.
Got: 1.9 MB
Warning::
104 HTTP requests — consider bundling or reducing
Each request adds latency. Bundle small files, use sprites, or eliminate unnecessary requests.
Info::
Estimated 1.8 g CO2 per page load
8.6 MB / 2.4 MB budget
8.6 MB transferred
104 requests
1.8 g CO2 per page load
JavaScript 4.7 MiB 55%
Images 1.9 MiB 22%
Other 1.8 MiB 21%
Fonts 77.5 KiB 1%
CSS 70.0 KiB 1%
Other 41.8 KiB 0%
HTML 24.8 KiB 0%
Other 451 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Over budget

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.

Why this matters

Image bandwidth is high — modern formats (WebP/AVIF) and resizing typically cut it 50%+.

Source: web.dev

Each request adds latency. Bundle small files, use sprites, or eliminate unnecessary requests.

Why this matters

High HTTP request count — bundling, sprite-ing, and HTTP/2 server push can reduce per-request overhead.

Source: web.dev

D
JS Execution Cost
Action
3470ms total JS execution
FIX
3470ms total JS execution
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/47e4859854c...: 1250ms CPU time
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-...: 779ms CPU time
Warning::
Unattributable: 487ms CPU time
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/pages/data-...: 345ms CPU time
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/e9d3a9460a3...: 332ms CPU time
Info::
Third-party scripts: 487ms (14% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 47% Script Parsing & Compilation 29% Other 13% Style & Layout 7%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/47e4859854c64b203052db6bc5deb0b1242d15ce.dd985aab2abcb960ab25.js1250ms745ms435ms1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-26a57d6f3df775d18f7c.js779ms490ms288ms1st
Unattributable487ms8ms0ms3rd
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/pages/data-fdfd950a40b0ed45d9a0.js345ms191ms153ms1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/e9d3a9460a3d42df381236e80cdffbf91610fb51.7d0584402fa29855be46.js332ms189ms143ms1st
https://core.ac.uk/277ms17ms0ms1st
F
HTTP Caching
Action
No cache headers
FIX
No cache headers
Warning::
No Cache-Control header found
Browsers will use heuristic caching, which can be unpredictable. Set explicit cache headers.

No Cache-Control header

Adding a Cache-Control header can significantly improve repeat-visit performance.

C
Image Optimization
Action
42 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
42 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/features/globe.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/features/gears.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/heros/oai.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/services/time-management... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/features/neural.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/join/membership.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/logos/open-university.pn... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/heros/database.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/heros/homeServices.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/images/posi-7077ad... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/services/search-engine.s... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/join/data-provider.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/logos/mooc-founder.png is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/logos/research-england.p... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/features/building.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/heros/community.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/logos/turnitin.png is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/heros/ref.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/join/server.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/services/server-status.s... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
42 images 1.9 MB
0 oversized -0 KB
39 legacy format
20 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

B
JS Bundles
35 scripts, 94 KB unused
REVIEW
35 scripts, 94 KB unused
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/5ed5ad25dd4...: 61 KB unused (46%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/b5f2ed29.ea...: 33 KB unused (44%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 94 KB
94 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/5ed5ad25dd4f38da5750af0eddffcfa22120fcbb.aaf620f2d5a9d295727d.js133 KB61 KB (46%)✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/b5f2ed29.eab0112c4e45d27f0cf3.js75 KB33 KB (44%)✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/nLBbsimGUlvObtYIqRYmj/_buildManifest.js3 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/47e4859854c64b203052db6bc5deb0b1242d15ce.dd985aab2abcb960ab25.js0 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/commons.40914008aeb4fa12e103.js9 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/e82996df.e4e23103955cc80152f4.js15 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/framework.898ed9c4190ec62ba669.js42 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/f443063bbf095a7363b06f11d0407d84c72ae47b.18bfb7f85b309e8a387d.js21 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/3b92c0e3c31c49c8e3ff32984688ea681698947b.162153ce132b6e7d7f41.js29 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/3b92c0e3c31c49c8e3ff32984688ea681698947b_CSS.ddce25b62cf34b951439.js1 KB—✓1st

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

C
Page Weight Inventory
Action
104 resources · 8.6 MB · 94 KB savings available
REVIEW
104 resources · 8.6 MB · 94 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 7.6 MB over 1MB target
Got: 8.6 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~94 KB of savings available
Info::
7 third-party resources (1% of weight)
Info::
8 resources over 200KB
104 resources · 8.6 MiB · 7 third-party 7.6 MiB over 1MB target
JavaScript 75% · 6.4 MiB
Image 23% · 1.9 MiB
CSS 1% · 79.8 KiB
Font 1% · 77.5 KiB
Other 0% · 32.3 KiB
Document 0% · 24.8 KiB

~94.2 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 94.2 KiB
A+
Third-Party Impact
1% third-party, 0 ms blocking
PASS
1% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Info::
Third-party code accounts for 1% of page weight (90.6 KiB of 8.6 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
99%
First-party Third-party
A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
2 fonts (77 KB)
PASS
2 fonts (77 KB)
Info::
2 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

2

77 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 2

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 2.0 s 2.5 s FCP 1.2 s LCP 2.7 shttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v51/KFO7CnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMa3yUBHMdazQ.woff2KFO7CnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66a... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v51/KFO7CnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMa3yUBHMdazQ.woff2 — 36.7 KiB — 13 ms — font-display: swaphttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v51/KFO5CnqEu92Fr1Mu53ZEC9_Vu3r1gIhOszmkBnkaSTbQWg.woff2KFO5CnqEu92Fr1Mu53ZEC9_... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v51/KFO5CnqEu92Fr1Mu53ZEC9_Vu3r1gIhOszmkBnkaSTbQWg.woff2 — 40.8 KiB — 34 ms — font-display: swap
KFO7CnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66a... woff2 swap
Size 37 KB
Load time 13 ms
Start 734 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
KFO5CnqEu92Fr1Mu53ZEC9_... woff2 swap
Size 41 KB
Load time 34 ms
Start 734 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)
A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
No optimization needed
PASS
No optimization needed
Info::
No resource hint issues
A+
Green Hosting
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
PASS

Green Hosting

This site is hosted on green energy infrastructure

Provider: Cloudflare

Network Waterfall
104 requests over 4533ms
INFO
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s FCP 1.2 s LCP 2.7 shttps://core.ac.uk// https://core.ac.uk/ — 200 — 24.8 KiB — 448 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/a59dd4a8d2778e4f62ab.css/_next/static/css/a59dd4a8d2778e4f6... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/a59dd4a8d2778e4f62ab.css — 200 — 9.4 KiB — 21 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/a51ecc0a05be3045ad37.css/_next/static/css/a51ecc0a05be3045a... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/a51ecc0a05be3045ad37.css — 200 — 48.0 KiB — 45 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/c11d2755ee779763a8c6.css/_next/static/css/c11d2755ee779763a... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/c11d2755ee779763a8c6.css — 200 — 7.5 KiB — 35 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/b2ebaee0e356564aa655.css/_next/static/css/b2ebaee0e356564aa... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/b2ebaee0e356564aa655.css — 200 — 2.6 KiB — 36 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2f78f32847808ce48e99.js/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2f78f3... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2f78f32847808ce48e99.js — 200 — 1.7 KiB — 62 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/framework.898ed9c4190ec62ba669.js/_next/static/chunks/framework.898e... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/framework.898ed9c4190ec62ba669.js — 200 — 41.8 KiB — 122 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/commons.40914008aeb4fa12e103.js/_next/static/chunks/commons.409140... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/commons.40914008aeb4fa12e103.js — 200 — 9.2 KiB — 87 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/main-767611dc341f10edc57d.js/_next/static/chunks/main-767611dc3... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/main-767611dc341f10edc57d.js — 200 — 9.5 KiB — 94 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/b5f2ed29.eab0112c4e45d27f0cf3.js/_next/static/chunks/b5f2ed29.eab01... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/b5f2ed29.eab0112c4e45d27f0cf3.js — 200 — 75.4 KiB — 133 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/e82996df.e4e23103955cc80152f4.js/_next/static/chunks/e82996df.e4e23... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/e82996df.e4e23103955cc80152f4.js — 200 — 15.0 KiB — 94 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/5ed5ad25dd4f38da5750af0eddffcfa22120fcbb.aaf620f2d5a9d295727d.js/_next/static/chunks/5ed5ad25dd4f38... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/5ed5ad25dd4f38da5750af0eddffcfa22120fcbb.aaf620f2d5a9d295727d.js — 200 — 132.9 KiB — 139 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/f443063bbf095a7363b06f11d0407d84c72ae47b.18bfb7f85b309e8a387d.js/_next/static/chunks/f443063bbf095a... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/f443063bbf095a7363b06f11d0407d84c72ae47b.18bfb7f85b309e8a387d.js — 200 — 21.1 KiB — 105 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/3b92c0e3c31c49c8e3ff32984688ea681698947b.162153ce132b6e7d7f41.js/_next/static/chunks/3b92c0e3c31c49... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/3b92c0e3c31c49c8e3ff32984688ea681698947b.162153ce132b6e7d7f41.js — 200 — 28.7 KiB — 100 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/3b92c0e3c31c49c8e3ff32984688ea681698947b_CSS.ddce25b62cf34b951439.js/_next/static/chunks/3b92c0e3c31c49... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/3b92c0e3c31c49c8e3ff32984688ea681698947b_CSS.ddce25b62cf34b951439.js — 200 — 594 B — 64 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/b04e616e68faa7ab439b40ce09a3b9fb9f9f4532.ae093e90d5f38d3f1f45.js/_next/static/chunks/b04e616e68faa7... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/b04e616e68faa7ab439b40ce09a3b9fb9f9f4532.ae093e90d5f38d3f1f45.js — 200 — 4.6 KiB — 95 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/f8f106b4f891f2a30dc64c84d233752ca0b8aa15.39b9c197cd0491238b15.js/_next/static/chunks/f8f106b4f891f2... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/f8f106b4f891f2a30dc64c84d233752ca0b8aa15.39b9c197cd0491238b15.js — 200 — 5.1 KiB — 72 ms — 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HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
14% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 487ms · 0KB · £5/mo
Unattributable
Other
Costly
Execution 487ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost £5/mo

These scripts may cost more than they're worth

  • Unattributable adds 487ms and costs ~£5/month

Unattributable takes 487ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

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