C — https://hku.hk | BeaverCheck Audit

Site Health

Score: 75 / 100

Based on 8 categories, 0 sections

Decent speed, but optimizing further could improve engagement.

Good foundation, but a few gaps could be exploited.

Several issues make your site difficult for assistive technology users.

Well-optimized for search — your content is discoverable.

Good server performance with room for optimization.

Mostly compliant — a few items need attention.

Good content signals with minor gaps.

Heavier than average — reducing page weight saves energy and bandwidth.

How is this calculated?

The overall score is a weighted average of individual category scores. Categories with more impact on user experience and security carry more weight.

Performance 25%Security 25%Accessibility 15%SEO 10%Infrastructure 10%Compliance 8%Content 5%Sustainability 2%

Weights reflect general web best practices. Individual needs may differ.

How the composite score is calculated

How you compare

AOS · 38 peers

You 75

Avg 73

At average

0 50 100

Better than 60% of AOS sites See full AOS benchmark →

Bootstrap · 468 peers

You 75

Avg 73

At average

0 50 100

Better than 62% of Bootstrap sites See full Bootstrap benchmark →

Top Priorities (5)

Page weighs 41.3 MB (40.6 MB transferred)

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Performance › Page Weight Budget

6 image-only link(s) without alt text

Accessibility issues exclude users with disabilities — up to 15% of your potential audience.

Accessibility › Link & Button Quality

114 HTTP requests — consider bundling or reducing

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Performance › Page Weight Budget

Cross-Origin-Embedder-Policy header is missing

Security gaps expose your site and users to attacks, eroding trust.

Security › Security Headers

Cross-Origin-Opener-Policy header is missing

Security gaps expose your site and users to attacks, eroding trust.

Security › Security Headers

View fix priority matrix

Fix Priority Matrix

5 findings

Impact

Quick Wins

High impact, low effort — start here.

Strategic

High impact, requires investment.

Easy Improvements

Small gains, minimal effort.

Nothing in this quadrant — good news.

Deprioritize

Low impact, high effort — do last.

Nothing in this quadrant — good news.

← Low effort High effort →

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Markdown

[![BeaverCheck](https://beavercheck.com/badge?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhku.hk)](https://beavercheck.com/results/45fad812-23a1-458b-ab35-8f2c92b3a997)

HTML

<a href="https://beavercheck.com/results/45fad812-23a1-458b-ab35-8f2c92b3a997"><img src="https://beavercheck.com/badge?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhku.hk" alt="BeaverCheck Score"></a>

Image URL

https://beavercheck.com/badge?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhku.hk

This badge auto-updates with your latest scan result.

What fixing these means

Your site performs reasonably well, but a few targeted fixes could meaningfully improve results. Your LCP of 84.4s exceeds Google's 2.5s 'Good' threshold and the 2 performance issues below directly contribute to it. Addressing the critical issues below would have the most immediate impact on your conversion rate.

Your LCP is 84.4s — fixing the 2 performance criticals could bring it under Google's 2.5s 'Good' threshold.

1 accessibility issue excludes users who rely on assistive technology.

2 security gaps detected — browsers may warn visitors about your site.

Conversion Barriers

4 critical 4 warning

8 barrier(s) likely increasing bounce by ~33%.

Speed (2)

Page takes 84.4s to load

+12% bounce

Users abandon at ~3s — you're 81.9s over the 2.5s threshold

Fix: Optimize render-blocking resources, preload the hero image, and compress images

Page feels frozen for 872ms

+5% bounce

Clicks on the primary CTA are ignored while JavaScript runs

Fix: Break up long tasks; defer non-critical JavaScript to post-hydration

Trust (2)

No HSTS header

+1% bounce

Returning visitors are briefly exposed to downgrade attacks on first request

Fix: Set Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains

No Content-Security-Policy header

+1% bounce

Higher XSS blast radius — one compromised script can exfiltrate the checkout form

Fix: Ship a reporting-only CSP first, then enforce once violations are clean

Usability (1)

Severe layout shift during page load

+6% bounce

Users mis-click when content jumps — converting intent into frustration

Fix: Reserve space for images, ads, and embeds with explicit width/height

Content (1)

No structured data

+2% bounce

No rich-result eligibility in Google — lower SERP CTR vs competitors with stars and prices

Fix: Add JSON-LD for your page type (Product, Article, FAQPage, LocalBusiness, …)

Navigation (2)

No skip-to-content link

+1% bounce

Keyboard and screen-reader users must tab through the entire header on every page

Fix: Add a visible-on-focus <a href="#main">Skip to content</a> as the first focusable element

12 broken link(s) on the page

+5% bounce

Clicks land on 404s — trust drops and the session often ends

Fix: Fix or remove the broken destinations surfaced on the Content tab

Preliminary CRO audit — each barrier links to the tab with detailed analysis.

Return on Investment

HKD 3,575 investment → HKD 80/month returns

Payback period: > 2 years First-year ROI: -73%

Investment

HKD 3,575

6h · 5 findings

Monthly returns

HKD 80 /mo

~HKD 958 / year

Bandwidth savings HKD 80

Regulatory risk avoided

No applicable regulations in this jurisdiction

HKD 550 — in quick wins — start here for the fastest payback

Figures combine localized regulatory fine ceilings, search/conversion value priced against local CPC, and bandwidth waste estimates. Results depend on implementation quality and audience composition. Not legal or financial advice.

Full methodology & sources

Estimated Remediation Cost

HK$3,575

6.5 developer hours at HK$550/hr

Based on Hong Kong rates (HK$550/hr)

Quick wins

HK$550 2 fixes in ~60 minutes

Start here for the best return on investment

Cost by category

Cost by effort level

Adjust assumptions

Custom rate

HK$ /hr

Rates reflect fully-loaded developer cost including overhead

How developer rates are sourced

What Inaction Is Costing You

HKD 80 / month at risk

~HKD 958 / year if left unfixed

Bandwidth Waste

HKD 80 /mo

127675.5 MB/mo × 0.625 HKD/GB

Optimize transfer: save ~12.8 MB per page load
Saves HKD 80/mo

Compliance figures represent the statutory maximum fine for the most severe triggered category, capped per regulation — not the sum of per-finding penalties. Based on published regulatory fine ranges. This is not legal advice.

Compliance methodology · SEO assumptions · Bandwidth model

Your performance is already good — improvements may show diminishing returns

Monthly visitors

Unique monthly visitors from your analytics

Conversion rate (%)

Purchases, signups, or key actions

Avg. order value

Optional — for revenue estimation

additional conversions/month

more engaged visitors from reduced bounce

potential monthly revenue

Current bounce (est.)

After fixes (est.)

Estimated bounce reduction

Fix 2 critical issues to capture this value

How this is calculated

Based on Google/Deloitte research ("Milliseconds Make Millions") showing a ~7% bounce rate increase per additional second of LCP above the 2.5s "Good" threshold.

Your site's LCP: → estimated after fixes.

These are estimates based on industry research — actual results vary

Bounce-rate model & assumptions

Your data stays in your browser — nothing is sent to our servers

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Lighthouse Scores

Industry-standard audits powered by Google Lighthouse.

Performance

Accessibility

100

Best Practices

100

SEO

Core Web Vitals

Key metrics that affect user experience.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

5.42 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

84.40 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

872 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.266

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

15.57 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

84.42 s

Detailed Report

Audit breakdown by category with detailed findings.

Performance

Insights

Remove large, duplicate JavaScript modules from bundles to reduce unnecessary bytes consumed by network activity.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Polyfills and transforms enable older browsers to use new JavaScript features. However, many aren't necessary for modern browsers. Consider modifying your JavaScript build process to not transpile Baseline features, unless you know you must support older browsers. Learn why most sites can deploy ES6+ code without transpiling

Why this matters

Shipping ES5 transpiled code to modern browsers wastes bytes — every user with an evergreen browser pays for compatibility you don't need.

Learn more ▾

Most users today run browsers that natively support ES6+, async/await, optional chaining, and the rest of modern JavaScript. Transpiling to ES5 'just in case' adds 20-40% to your bundle for no benefit. Configure your build to target a modern browserslist, or ship a differential bundle pair (modern + legacy) with the module/nomodule pattern.

Source: Google web.dev / Lighthouse

3rd party code can significantly impact load performance. Reduce and defer loading of 3rd party code to prioritize your page's content.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

A long cache lifetime can speed up repeat visits to your page. Learn more about caching.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Request	Cache TTL	Transfer Size
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-07.jpg	0.0 ms	4.5 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-08.jpg	0.0 ms	4.1 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/SGP%20Inaugural%20Week%201.png	0.0 ms	4.1 MiB
/f/photo/29049/864p0/TeachingAndLearning2_Training Guardi...	0.0 ms	1.8 MiB
hku.hk/f/poster/28940/527p0/30thHKMF1000x1382@1054.png	0.0 ms	1.4 MiB
/f/photo/29009/864p0/KnowledgeExchange3_Safe to Swallow_h...	0.0 ms	1.4 MiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21473/1054c690/flipboard-events.jpg	0.0 ms	1.3 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg	0.0 ms	1.0 MiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21501/1054c690/career.JPG	0.0 ms	1023.7 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21472/1054c690/flipboard-libraries.jpg	0.0 ms	996.5 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7633/1054c690/GivingtoHKU2022_updated.PNG	0.0 ms	939.1 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21471/1054c690/ProspectiveStudents.JPG	0.0 ms	927.5 KiB
/f/photo/29049/864p0/TeachingAndLearning2_Training Guardi...	0.0 ms	873.4 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1648c1112/221018_AdmissionOnHKUHomeBanner_4.jpeg	0.0 ms	863.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/photo/29009/864p0/KnowledgeExchange3_Safe%20to%20Swallow_hero%202.jpg	0.0 ms	831.0 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21483/1054c690/PubDec2025.png	0.0 ms	814.1 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7740/1054c690/IMG_5829a.jpg	0.0 ms	790.0 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21470/1054c690/currentstudent.JPG	0.0 ms	785.0 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/HKU_Miansite_Desktop_Fculties_Banner_Law.jpg	0.0 ms	721.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/poster/28842/527p0/HKUbannerRoll@1054.jpg	0.0 ms	696.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21504/1054c690/flipboard-hkuinthemedia.jpg	0.0 ms	644.9 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7738/1054c690/tnl2024.jpg	0.0 ms	635.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/10567/1054c690/publicity.jpg	0.0 ms	599.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/poster/28940/527p0/30thHKMF1000x1382.png	0.0 ms	575.5 KiB
hku.hk/f/photo/29010/864p0/Research5_Does%20AI%20Have%20a%20Mind@1728.jpg	0.0 ms	499.5 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/QS-Asia-University-Ranking-2026.jpg	0.0 ms	483.9 KiB
hku.hk/f/photo/29050/864p0/CoverStory4_A-Better-Way-to-Share@1728.jpg	0.0 ms	479.6 KiB
hku.hk/f/poster/28842/527p0/HKUbannerRoll.jpg	0.0 ms	438.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/poster/28943/527p0/mahkcs-in-hku-website-1000x1382@1054.jpg	0.0 ms	394.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/poster/28943/527p0/mahkcs-in-hku-website-1000x1382.jpg	0.0 ms	389.1 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7916/1054c690/flipboard-multimedia.jpg	0.0 ms	386.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-3.jpg	0.0 ms	385.6 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-2.jpg	0.0 ms	362.8 KiB
hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	355.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/251104_HKU-Highly-Cited-Research_banner.jpg	0.0 ms	334.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/css/index.css?t=20230414	0.0 ms	320.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/photo/29050/864p0/CoverStory4_A-Better-Way-to-Share.jpg	0.0 ms	301.0 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7739/1054c690/Research_2x_1054x694.jpg	0.0 ms	300.7 KiB
hku.hk/f/photo/29010/864p0/Research5_Does%20AI%20Have%20a%20Mind.jpg	0.0 ms	261.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-8.jpg	0.0 ms	220.8 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x123.gif	0.0 ms	207.6 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x123@750.gif	0.0 ms	207.6 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-9.jpg	0.0 ms	169.4 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-5.jpg	0.0 ms	143.5 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-4.jpg	0.0 ms	137.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-10.jpg	0.0 ms	133.0 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-1.jpg	0.0 ms	115.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/hku-115.svg?t=1760950144	0.0 ms	92.9 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-6.jpg	0.0 ms	92.4 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W350xH123@750.png	0.0 ms	85.0 KiB
hku.hk/assets/min/js/mobile_menu.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	69.3 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont.woff2	0.0 ms	65.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfont.woff2	0.0 ms	65.0 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/home/img_bhv-bg-default.jpg?1598702724	0.0 ms	60.6 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanner@750.jpg	0.0 ms	60.0 KiB
/f/banner/29062/258c90/For HKU Web banner 350 x 123 px@75...	0.0 ms	59.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W350xH123.png	0.0 ms	44.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/js/main.min.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	42.5 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanner.jpg	0.0 ms	40.6 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE@750.jpg	0.0 ms	38.9 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/29062/258c90/For%20HKU%20Web%20banner%20350%20x%20123%20px.png	0.0 ms	36.7 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-black-webfont.woff2	0.0 ms	36.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/besthk-logo-2016.png?t=20170511	0.0 ms	35.1 KiB
hku.hk/assets/min/js/menu.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	34.7 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/28942/258c90/mahkcs-hku-banner-350x123px@750.gif	0.0 ms	26.3 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-bold-webfont.woff2	0.0 ms	24.3 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-medium-webfont.woff2	0.0 ms	23.7 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/27503/258c90/Untitled%20design.jpg	0.0 ms	23.4 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE.jpg	0.0 ms	21.8 KiB
hku.hk/assets/js/slide/banner.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	18.1 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/2014_Standard_Winner.png?t=20160921	0.0 ms	16.7 KiB
ssl.google-analytics.com/ga.js	7200.0 s	17.4 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/27503/258c90/Untitled%20design@750.jpg	0.0 ms	11.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/cad-27th.png?t=20210628	0.0 ms	6.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/WARS-Triple-Gold-hku-color.png?t=20230901	0.0 ms	6.5 KiB
static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-1966860.js?sv=7	60.0 s	6.2 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_knowledge-exchange.png	0.0 ms	6.0 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_teaching-and-learning.png	0.0 ms	5.7 KiB
hku.hk/assets/min/js/json_data.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	5.6 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_libraries.png	0.0 ms	5.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_current.png	0.0 ms	5.1 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_prospective-students.png	0.0 ms	5.0 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/icomoon/fonts/wico.woff2	0.0 ms	4.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_giving.png	0.0 ms	4.8 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/lib_slick/ajax-loader.gif	0.0 ms	4.7 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_media.png	0.0 ms	4.6 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_research.png	0.0 ms	4.6 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_alumni.png	0.0 ms	4.2 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_about-hku.png	0.0 ms	3.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/js/device.min.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	3.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_staff.png	0.0 ms	3.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_events.png	0.0 ms	3.2 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_hku-portal.png	0.0 ms	3.1 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_visitor.png	0.0 ms	3.1 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_faculties-and-departments.png	0.0 ms	2.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/css/print.css	0.0 ms	2.0 KiB
hku.hk/assets/js/high-contrast.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	1.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_publications-new.png?t=1626140938102	0.0 ms	1.5 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_android.svg	0.0 ms	1.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_ios.svg	0.0 ms	1.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_careers.png?t=1626140938102	0.0 ms	1.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_more.svg	0.0 ms	1.2 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_fb.svg	0.0 ms	1.1 KiB

Layout shifts occur when elements move absent any user interaction. Investigate the causes of layout shifts, such as elements being added, removed, or their fonts changing as the page loads.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

headings: [map[key:node label:Element subItemsHeading:map[key:extra] valueType:node] map[granularity:0.001 key:score label:Layout shift score subItemsHeading:map[key:cause valueType:text] valueType:numeric]]

items: [map[node:map[type:text value:Total] score:9.2e-05] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:38 height:13 left:337 right:392 top:25 width:55] lhId:page-36-DIV nodeLabel:中 Toggle menu panel path:4,HTML,1,BODY,6,DIV,2,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV selector:div.page-head > div.container-wide > div.page-head__inner > div.page-head__inner-right snippet:<div class="page-head__inner-right"> type:node] score:6e-05 subItems:map[items:[map[cause:Web font extra:map[type:url value:https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfont.woff2]] map[cause:Web font extra:map[type:url value:https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont.woff2]] map[cause:Web font extra:map[type:url value:https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-medium-webfont.woff2]]] type:subitems]] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:38 height:13 left:337 right:392 top:25 width:55] lhId:page-36-DIV nodeLabel:中 Toggle menu panel path:4,HTML,1,BODY,6,DIV,2,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV selector:div.page-head > div.container-wide > div.page-head__inner > div.page-head__inner-right snippet:<div class="page-head__inner-right"> type:node] score:3.2e-05 subItems:map[items:[map[cause:Web font extra:map[type:url value:https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/icomoon/fonts/wico.woff2]]] type:subitems]]]

items: [map[node:map[type:text value:Total] score:0.26633300000000004] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:1334 height:496 left:0 right:412 top:837 width:412] lhId:page-37-DIV nodeLabel:Teaching & Learning News Centre Previous Next HKU in the Media Prospective Stud… path:4,HTML,1,BODY,6,DIV,4,DIV,0,DIV,1,MAIN,1,DIV,1,DIV selector:div.content-container > main.page-content > div#main > div.flipboard snippet:<div class="flipboard"> type:node] score:0.264842] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:1334 height:496 left:0 right:412 top:837 width:412] lhId:page-37-DIV nodeLabel:Teaching & Learning News Centre Previous Next HKU in the Media Prospective Stud… path:4,HTML,1,BODY,6,DIV,4,DIV,0,DIV,1,MAIN,1,DIV,1,DIV selector:div.content-container > main.page-content > div#main > div.flipboard snippet:<div class="flipboard"> type:node] score:0.001454] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:38 height:13 left:337 right:392 top:25 width:55] lhId:page-36-DIV nodeLabel:中 Toggle menu panel path:4,HTML,1,BODY,6,DIV,2,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV selector:div.page-head > div.container-wide > div.page-head__inner > div.page-head__inner-right snippet:<div class="page-head__inner-right"> type:node] score:3.7e-05]]

Consider setting font-display to swap or optional to ensure text is consistently visible. swap can be further optimized to mitigate layout shifts with font metric overrides.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Est Savings
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont.woff2	745 ms
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfont.woff2	740 ms
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-bold-webfont.woff2	515 ms
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-medium-webfont.woff2	485 ms
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-black-webfont.woff2	245 ms

A forced reflow occurs when JavaScript queries geometric properties (such as offsetWidth) after styles have been invalidated by a change to the DOM state. This can result in poor performance. Learn more about forced reflows and possible mitigations.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

headings: [map[key:source label:Top function call valueType:source-location] map[granularity:1 key:reflowTime label:Total reflow time valueType:ms]]

items: [map[reflowTime:71.602 source:map[column:30300 line:2 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]]]

headings: [map[key:source label:Source valueType:source-location] map[granularity:1 key:reflowTime label:Total reflow time valueType:ms]]

items: [map[reflowTime:54.383 source:map[column:51844 line:1 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:1.841 source:map[column:87016 line:1 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:6.319 source:map[column:85979 line:1 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:5.164 source:map[column:51866 line:1 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:0.348 source:map[column:87079 line:1 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:3.584 source:map[column:13396 line:78 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]]]

Reducing the download time of images can improve the perceived load time of the page and LCP. Learn more about optimizing image size

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

	URL	Resource Size	Est Savings
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-07.jpg	4.5 MiB	4.5 MiB
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-08.jpg	4.1 MiB	4.1 MiB
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/SGP%20Inaugural%20Week%201.png	4.1 MiB	4.0 MiB
Building conservation careers while saving historical sites `div.caphoto__item > a.caphoto__img-w > div.caphoto__img-c > img.caphoto__img`	/f/photo/29049/864p0/TeachingAndLearning2_Training Guardi...	1.8 MiB	1.8 MiB
30th Hong Kong Medical Forum `div.slick-track > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.flippy__poster`	hku.hk/f/poster/28940/527p0/30thHKMF1000x1382@1054.png	1.4 MiB	1.4 MiB
Restoring health and quality of life through safe swallowing innovations `div.caphoto__item > a.caphoto__img-w > div.caphoto__img-c > img.caphoto__img`	/f/photo/29009/864p0/KnowledgeExchange3_Safe to Swallow_h...	1.4 MiB	1.3 MiB
Events `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21473/1054c690/flipboard-events.jpg	1.3 MiB	1.2 MiB
Careers `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21501/1054c690/career.JPG	1023.0 KiB	1012.3 KiB
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg	1.0 MiB	1005.3 KiB
Libraries `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21472/1054c690/flipboard-libraries.jpg	995.8 KiB	985.1 KiB
Giving to HKU `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/7633/1054c690/GivingtoHKU2022_updated.PNG	938.4 KiB	927.7 KiB
Prospective Students `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21471/1054c690/ProspectiveStudents.JPG	926.9 KiB	916.2 KiB
div.section-adm__pic > div.section-adm__img-w > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.section-adm__pic > div.section-adm__img-w > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1648c1112/221018_AdmissionOnHKUHomeBanner_4.jpeg	862.6 KiB	815.0 KiB
Publications `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21483/1054c690/PubDec2025.png	813.5 KiB	802.8 KiB
News Centre `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/7740/1054c690/IMG_5829a.jpg	789.4 KiB	778.7 KiB
Current Students `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21470/1054c690/currentstudent.JPG	784.3 KiB	773.6 KiB
HKU Summer Institute Summer Programmes 2026 Application opens now `div.slick-track > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.flippy__poster`	hku.hk/f/poster/28842/527p0/HKUbannerRoll@1054.jpg	695.7 KiB	673.1 KiB
HKU in the Media `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21504/1054c690/flipboard-hkuinthemedia.jpg	644.3 KiB	633.6 KiB
Teaching & Learning `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/7738/1054c690/tnl2024.jpg	634.6 KiB	623.9 KiB
Publicity on hku.hk `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/10567/1054c690/publicity.jpg	598.6 KiB	588.0 KiB
Could AI one day develop a mind? HKU professor examines the philosophical impli… `div.caphoto__item > a.caphoto__img-w > div.caphoto__img-c > img.caphoto__img`	hku.hk/f/photo/29010/864p0/Research5_Does%20AI%20Have%20a%20Mind@1728.jpg	498.9 KiB	450.4 KiB
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/QS-Asia-University-Ranking-2026.jpg	483.3 KiB	435.7 KiB
Decentralising data collection for safer machine learning `div.caphoto__item > a.caphoto__img-w > div.caphoto__img-c > img.caphoto__img`	hku.hk/f/photo/29050/864p0/CoverStory4_A-Better-Way-to-Share@1728.jpg	479.0 KiB	430.5 KiB
Multimedia `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/7916/1054c690/flipboard-multimedia.jpg	385.5 KiB	374.8 KiB
Master of Arts in the field of Hong Kong Cultural Studies `div.slick-track > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.flippy__poster`	hku.hk/f/poster/28943/527p0/mahkcs-in-hku-website-1000x1382@1054.jpg	393.6 KiB	371.1 KiB
Research `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/7739/1054c690/Research_2x_1054x694.jpg	300.1 KiB	289.4 KiB
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/251104_HKU-Highly-Cited-Research_banner.jpg	333.7 KiB	286.7 KiB
U-Vision Online `ul > li#banner_06 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x123.gif	207.0 KiB	129.0 KiB
U-Vision Online `ul > li#banner_06 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x123@750.gif	207.0 KiB	129.0 KiB
30th Hong Kong Medical Forum `ul > li#banner_03 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W350xH123@750.png	84.4 KiB	78.6 KiB
HKU Summer Institute Summer Programmes 2026 Application opens now `ul > li#banner_05 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanner@750.jpg	59.4 KiB	53.7 KiB
DeepTech100 cohort 7 `ul > li#banner_04 > a > img`	/f/banner/29062/258c90/For HKU Web banner 350 x 123 px@75...	58.6 KiB	52.8 KiB
30th Hong Kong Medical Forum `ul > li#banner_03 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W350xH123.png	43.8 KiB	40.0 KiB
HKU Summer Institute Summer Programmes 2026 Application opens now `ul > li#banner_05 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanner.jpg	40.0 KiB	36.2 KiB
HKUSPACE `ul > li#banner_01 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE@750.jpg	38.3 KiB	32.6 KiB
DeepTech100 cohort 7 `ul > li#banner_04 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/29062/258c90/For%20HKU%20Web%20banner%20350%20x%20123%20px.png	36.1 KiB	32.3 KiB
Best .hk Website Awards 2016 `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/besthk-logo-2016.png?t=20170511	34.5 KiB	31.0 KiB
HKU CEDARS - Centre of Development and Resources for Students `ul > li#banner_02 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/27503/258c90/Untitled%20design.jpg	22.8 KiB	19.0 KiB
HKUSPACE `ul > li#banner_01 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE.jpg	21.2 KiB	17.4 KiB
University Standard of Excellence in the WebAward 2014 `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/2014_Standard_Winner.png?t=20160921	16.0 KiB	14.1 KiB
Master of Arts in the field of Hong Kong Cultural Studies `ul > li#banner_04 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28942/258c90/mahkcs-hku-banner-350x123px@750.gif	25.7 KiB	4.7 KiB

Each subpart has specific improvement strategies. Ideally, most of the LCP time should be spent on loading the resources, not within delays.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

headings: [map[key:label label:Subpart valueType:text] map[key:duration label:Duration valueType:ms]]

items: [map[duration:1003.239 label:Time to first byte subpart:timeToFirstByte] map[duration:4458.962 label:Resource load delay subpart:resourceLoadDelay] map[duration:968.347 label:Resource load duration subpart:resourceLoadDuration] map[duration:66.011 label:Element render delay subpart:elementRenderDelay]]

lhId: page-22-IMG

nodeLabel: Decentralising data collection for safer machine learning

path: 4,HTML,1,BODY,6,DIV,4,DIV,0,DIV,1,MAIN,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,A,0,DIV,0,IMG

selector: div.caphoto__item > a.caphoto__img-w > div.caphoto__img-c > img.caphoto__img

snippet: <img src="https://hku.hk/f/photo/29050/864p0/CoverStory4_A-Better-Way-to-Share@1728.…" srcset="/f/photo/29050/864p0/CoverStory4_A-Better-Way-to-Share@1728.jpg 2x" alt="Decentralising data collection for safer machine learning" class="caphoto__img placeholder__item">

Optimize LCP by making the LCP image discoverable from the HTML immediately, and avoiding lazy-loading

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

lhId: page-22-IMG

nodeLabel: Decentralising data collection for safer machine learning

path: 4,HTML,1,BODY,6,DIV,4,DIV,0,DIV,1,MAIN,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,A,0,DIV,0,IMG

selector: div.caphoto__item > a.caphoto__img-w > div.caphoto__img-c > img.caphoto__img

HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 offer many benefits over HTTP/1.1, such as multiplexing. Learn more about using modern HTTP.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Protocol
hku.hk/	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/css/index.css?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/js/device.min.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/js/high-contrast.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/hku-115.svg?t=1760950144	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/css/print.css	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/manifest.json	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/SGP%20Inaugural%20Week%201.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-07.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-08.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/251104_HKU-Highly-Cited-Research_banner.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/QS-Asia-University-Ranking-2026.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_fb.svg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_ios.svg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_android.svg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_more.svg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/WARS-Triple-Gold-hku-color.png?t=20230901	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/besthk-logo-2016.png?t=20170511	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/2014_Standard_Winner.png?t=20160921	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/cad-27th.png?t=20210628	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/min/js/menu.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/min/js/mobile_menu.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/min/js/json_data.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/js/slide/banner.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/js/main.min.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfont.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/icomoon/fonts/wico.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-bold-webfont.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7738/1054c690/tnl2024.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7740/1054c690/IMG_5829a.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21504/1054c690/flipboard-hkuinthemedia.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21471/1054c690/ProspectiveStudents.JPG	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7739/1054c690/Research_2x_1054x694.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-1.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-2.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-3.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-4.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-5.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-6.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/HKU_Miansite_Desktop_Fculties_Banner_Law.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-8.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-9.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-10.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/home/img_bhv-bg-default.jpg?1598702724	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-medium-webfont.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1648c1112/221018_AdmissionOnHKUHomeBanner_4.jpeg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/photo/29050/864p0/CoverStory4_A-Better-Way-to-Share.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/photo/29010/864p0/Research5_Does%20AI%20Have%20a%20Mind.jpg	http/1.1
/f/photo/29049/864p0/TeachingAndLearning2_Training Guardi...	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/photo/29009/864p0/KnowledgeExchange3_Safe%20to%20Swallow_hero%202.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/poster/28943/527p0/mahkcs-in-hku-website-1000x1382.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/poster/28940/527p0/30thHKMF1000x1382.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/poster/28842/527p0/HKUbannerRoll.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/27503/258c90/Untitled%20design.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W350xH123.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/29062/258c90/For%20HKU%20Web%20banner%20350%20x%20123%20px.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanner.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x123.gif	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_about-hku.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_teaching-and-learning.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_research.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_knowledge-exchange.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_faculties-and-departments.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_libraries.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_hku-portal.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_prospective-students.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_current.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_staff.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_alumni.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_media.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_visitor.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_giving.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_events.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_publications-new.png?t=1626140938102	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/menu/icon_careers.png?t=1626140938102	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE@750.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/27503/258c90/Untitled%20design@750.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W350xH123@750.png	http/1.1
/f/banner/29062/258c90/For HKU Web banner 350 x 123 px@75...	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/28942/258c90/mahkcs-hku-banner-350x123px@750.gif	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanner@750.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x123@750.gif	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-black-webfont.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/lib_slick/ajax-loader.gif	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/photo/29050/864p0/CoverStory4_A-Better-Way-to-Share@1728.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/photo/29010/864p0/Research5_Does%20AI%20Have%20a%20Mind@1728.jpg	http/1.1
/f/photo/29049/864p0/TeachingAndLearning2_Training Guardi...	http/1.1
/f/photo/29009/864p0/KnowledgeExchange3_Safe to Swallow_h...	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/poster/28943/527p0/mahkcs-in-hku-website-1000x1382@1054.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/poster/28940/527p0/30thHKMF1000x1382@1054.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/poster/28842/527p0/HKUbannerRoll@1054.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21470/1054c690/currentstudent.JPG	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21472/1054c690/flipboard-libraries.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21473/1054c690/flipboard-events.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7633/1054c690/GivingtoHKU2022_updated.PNG	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21483/1054c690/PubDec2025.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7916/1054c690/flipboard-multimedia.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21501/1054c690/career.JPG	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/10567/1054c690/publicity.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/favicon.ico	http/1.1

Avoid chaining critical requests by reducing the length of chains, reducing the download size of resources, or deferring the download of unnecessary resources to improve page load.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

description: [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints help the browser establish a connection earlier in the page load, saving time when the first request for that origin is made. The following are the origins that the page preconnected to.

title: Preconnected origins

value: no origins were preconnected

description: Add [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints to your most important origins, but try to use no more than 4.

title: Preconnect candidates

Requests are blocking the page's initial render, which may delay LCP. Deferring or inlining can move these network requests out of the critical path.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Transfer Size	Duration
hku.hk/assets/css/index.css?t=20230414	320.3 KiB	3.1 s
hku.hk/assets/js/high-contrast.js?t=20230414	1.9 KiB	1.2 s
hku.hk/assets/js/device.min.js?t=20230414	3.9 KiB	1.2 s

Your first network request is the most important. Reduce its latency by avoiding redirects, ensuring a fast server response, and enabling text compression.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

These insights are also available in the Chrome DevTools Performance Panel - record a trace to view more detailed information.

Time to Interactive is the amount of time it takes for the page to become fully interactive. Learn more about the Time to Interactive metric.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

TTI

These are the largest layout shifts observed on the page. Each table item represents a single layout shift, and shows the element that shifted the most. Below each item are possible root causes that led to the layout shift. Some of these layout shifts may not be included in the CLS metric value due to windowing. Learn how to improve CLS

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Element	Layout shift score
Teaching & Learning News Centre Previous Next HKU in the Media Prospective Stud… `div.content-container > main.page-content > div#main > div.flipboard`	0.265
Teaching & Learning News Centre Previous Next HKU in the Media Prospective Stud… `div.content-container > main.page-content > div#main > div.flipboard`	0.001
中 Toggle menu panel `div.page-head > div.container-wide > div.page-head__inner > div.page-head__inner-right`	0.000
中 Toggle menu panel `div.page-head > div.container-wide > div.page-head__inner > div.page-head__inner-right`	0.000
中 Toggle menu panel `div.page-head > div.container-wide > div.page-head__inner > div.page-head__inner-right`	0.000

The maximum potential First Input Delay that your users could experience is the duration of the longest task. Learn more about the Maximum Potential First Input Delay metric.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Diagnostics

Minifying JavaScript files can reduce payload sizes and script parse time. Learn how to minify JavaScript.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 390 ms 7.3 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
hku.hk/assets/js/slide/banner.js?t=20230414	17.5 KiB	7.3 KiB

Reduce unused rules from stylesheets and defer CSS not used for above-the-fold content to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused CSS.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 1.6 s 258.7 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
hku.hk/assets/css/index.css?t=20230414	319.7 KiB	258.7 KiB

Reduce unused JavaScript and defer loading scripts until they are required to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused JavaScript.

Why this matters

Multi-megabyte JavaScript bundles delay every interactive feature on the page.

Learn more ▾

This is the Lighthouse audit fired when too much JS is shipped relative to what executes. The fix isn't a config flag — it requires bundle analysis (webpack-bundle-analyzer, rollup-plugin-visualizer), splitting routes into chunks, lazy-loading off-screen components, and removing unused dependencies. Fundamentally different from minification: minifying reduces byte count, this reduces what's downloaded at all.

Source: Google web.dev / Lighthouse

Estimated savings: 2.0 s 344.2 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414	354.7 KiB	171.8 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-M9F2TJ6	135.0 KiB	68.8 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-ZHLLDTLTMG&cx=c&gtm=4e64h1	157.3 KiB	65.9 KiB
script.hotjar.com/modules.6a0f3932cb1341a35c18.js	56.1 KiB	37.7 KiB

Consider reducing the time spent parsing, compiling, and executing JS. You may find delivering smaller JS payloads helps with this. Learn how to reduce Javascript execution time.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Total CPU Time	Script Evaluation	Script Parse
hku.hk/	4.5 s	17 ms	5.5 ms
hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414	2.2 s	1.1 s	30 ms
Unattributable	1.8 s	71 ms	0.0 ms
www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-M9F2TJ6	233 ms	170 ms	49 ms
www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-ZHLLDTLTMG&cx=c&gtm=4e64h1	172 ms	128 ms	41 ms
script.hotjar.com/modules.6a0f3932cb1341a35c18.js	152 ms	125 ms	21 ms
hku.hk/assets/js/slide/banner.js?t=20230414	140 ms	104 ms	2.2 ms
hku.hk/assets/js/main.min.js?t=20230414	115 ms	56 ms	4.2 ms

Consider reducing the time spent parsing, compiling and executing JS. You may find delivering smaller JS payloads helps with this. Learn how to minimize main-thread work

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Category	Time Spent
Other	4.1 s
Style & Layout	1.9 s
Script Evaluation	1.8 s
Rendering	1.2 s
Parse HTML & CSS	303 ms
Script Parsing & Compilation	170 ms

Large network payloads cost users real money and are highly correlated with long load times. Learn how to reduce payload sizes.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Transfer Size
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-07.jpg	4.5 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-08.jpg	4.1 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/SGP%20Inaugural%20Week%201.png	4.1 MiB
/f/photo/29049/864p0/TeachingAndLearning2_Training Guardi...	1.8 MiB
hku.hk/f/poster/28940/527p0/30thHKMF1000x1382@1054.png	1.4 MiB
/f/photo/29009/864p0/KnowledgeExchange3_Safe to Swallow_h...	1.4 MiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21473/1054c690/flipboard-events.jpg	1.3 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg	1.0 MiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21501/1054c690/career.JPG	1023.7 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21472/1054c690/flipboard-libraries.jpg	996.5 KiB

Set an explicit width and height on image elements to reduce layout shifts and improve CLS. Learn how to set image dimensions

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

	URL
HKUSPACE `ul > li#banner_01 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE@750.jpg
HKU CEDARS - Centre of Development and Resources for Students `ul > li#banner_02 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/27503/258c90/Untitled%20design@750.jpg
30th Hong Kong Medical Forum `ul > li#banner_03 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W350xH123@750.png
Master of Arts in the field of Hong Kong Cultural Studies `ul > li#banner_04 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28942/258c90/mahkcs-hku-banner-350x123px@750.gif
HKU Summer Institute Summer Programmes 2026 Application opens now `ul > li#banner_05 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanner@750.jpg
U-Vision Online `ul > li#banner_06 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x123@750.gif
Best .hk Website Awards 2016 `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/besthk-logo-2016.png?t=20170511
Triple Gold Award of the Web Accessibility Recognition Scheme 2022/23 `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/WARS-Triple-Gold-hku-color.png?t=20230901
University Standard of Excellence in the WebAward 2014 `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/2014_Standard_Winner.png?t=20160921
The 27th Annual Communicator Awards of Distinction `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/cad-27th.png?t=20210628

More information about the performance of your application. These numbers don't directly affect the Performance score.

●Optimize DOM size

●Optimize viewport for mobile

●Minify CSS

●User Timing marks and measures 5 user timings

●Avoid long main-thread tasks 12 long tasks found

●Avoid non-composited animations 27 animated elements found

●Page didn't prevent back/forward cache restoration

●Network Requests

●Network Round Trip Times 240 ms

●Server Backend Latencies 40 ms

●Tasks

●Diagnostics

●Metrics

●Screenshot Thumbnails

●Final Screenshot

●Script Treemap Data

●Resources Summary

●Avoid multiple page redirects

●Initial server response time was short Root document took 260 ms

○INP breakdown

Accessibility

These checks highlight opportunities to improve the accessibility of your web app. Automatic detection can only detect a subset of issues and does not guarantee the accessibility of your web app, so manual testing is also encouraged.

ARIA

Each ARIA `role` supports a specific subset of `aria-*` attributes. Mismatching these invalidates the `aria-*` attributes. Learn how to match ARIA attributes to their roles.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
2 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide01`
2 `div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide11`
1 `div.flipboard__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide20`

Assistive technologies, like screen readers, can't interpret ARIA attributes with invalid values. Learn more about valid values for ARIA attributes.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
1 `div.flipboard__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide20`

Focusable descendents within an `[aria-hidden="true"]` element prevent those interactive elements from being available to users of assistive technologies like screen readers. Learn how `aria-hidden` affects focusable elements.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
1 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide00`
3 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide02`
4 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide03`
5 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide04`
6 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide05`
1 `div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide10`
3 `div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide12`
4 `div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide13`
2 `div.flipboard__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide21`
3 `div.flipboard__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide22`

When an input field doesn't have an accessible name, screen readers announce it with a generic name, making it unusable for users who rely on screen readers. Learn more about input field labels.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
div.section-hero__cont > div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track `div.section-hero__cont > div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track`
A Better Way To Share Decentralising data collection for safer machine learning… `div.caphoto__cont > div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track`
Teaching & Learning News Centre Previous Next HKU in the Media Prospective Stud… `div.container-wide > div.flipboard__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track`
Master of Arts in the field of Hong Kong Cultural Studies `div.flippy > div.slider--poster > div.slick-list > div.slick-track`

When a toggle field doesn't have an accessible name, screen readers announce it with a generic name, making it unusable for users who rely on screen readers. Learn more about toggle fields.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track > div.slider__item `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track > div.slider__item`

These are opportunities to improve the usage of ARIA in your application which may enhance the experience for users of assistive technology, like a screen reader.

Contrast

Low-contrast text is difficult or impossible for many users to read. Learn how to provide sufficient color contrast.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
Facebook `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
HKU IOS App `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
HKU Android App `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Social Media and Apps `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Careers `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
High Contrast `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a#switch-contrast-1`
Maps & Facilities `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Web Policies & Guidelines `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Contact Us `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Site Map `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Privacy `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Web Accessibility Statement `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Copyright © 2026 The University of Hong Kong. All Rights Reserved. `div.container-wide > div.page-foot__inner > div.page-foot__right > p.foot-copyright`

These are opportunities to improve the legibility of your content.

Tables and lists

Screen readers have a specific way of announcing lists. Ensuring proper list structure aids screen reader output. Learn more about proper list structure.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 `div.section-hero__cont > div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots`
1 2 3 4 `div.caphoto__cont > div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots`
1 2 3 `div.container-wide > div.flipboard__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots`

These are opportunities to improve the experience of reading tabular or list data using assistive technology, like a screen reader.

○Interactive controls are keyboard focusable

○Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state

○The page has a logical tab order

○Visual order on the page follows DOM order

○User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region

○The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page

○HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation

○Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology

○Custom controls have associated labels

○Custom controls have ARIA roles

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`

●`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes

●Elements with an ARIA `[role]` that require children to contain a specific `[role]` have all required children.

●`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element

●`[role]` values are valid

●`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled

●Buttons have an accessible name

●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes

●Form elements have associated labels

●`[user-scalable="no"]` is not used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element and the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is not less than 5.

●ARIA attributes are used as specified for the element's role

●Elements use only permitted ARIA attributes

●Document has a `<title>` element

●`<html>` element has a `[lang]` attribute

●`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute

●Links have a discernible name

●List items (`<li>`) are contained within `<ul>`, `<ol>` or `<menu>` parent elements

●No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0

●Touch targets have sufficient size and spacing.

●`[lang]` attributes have a valid value

●Heading elements appear in a sequentially-descending order

●`<html>` element has an `[xml:lang]` attribute with the same base language as the `[lang]` attribute.

●Document has a main landmark.

●Deprecated ARIA roles were not used

●Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes that are redundant text.

○`[accesskey]` values are unique

○`button`, `link`, and `menuitem` elements have accessible names

○Elements with `role="dialog"` or `role="alertdialog"` have accessible names.

○ARIA `meter` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `progressbar` elements have accessible names

○Elements with the `role=text` attribute do not have focusable descendents.

○ARIA `tooltip` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `treeitem` elements have accessible names

○The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region

○`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.

○Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements

○ARIA IDs are unique

○No form fields have multiple labels

○`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title

○Input buttons have discernible text.

○`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text

○Links are distinguishable without relying on color.

○The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`

○`<object>` elements have alternate text

○Select elements have associated label elements.

○Skip links are focusable.

○Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.

○`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.

○`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`

○Tables have different content in the summary attribute and `<caption>`.

○All heading elements contain content.

○Uses ARIA roles only on compatible elements

○Identical links have the same purpose.

○Elements with visible text labels have matching accessible names.

○Tables use `<caption>` instead of cells with the `[colspan]` attribute to indicate a caption.

○`<td>` elements in a large `<table>` have one or more table headers.

100

Best Practices

●Uses HTTPS

●Avoids deprecated APIs

●Avoids third-party cookies

●Allows users to paste into input fields

●Avoids requesting the geolocation permission on page load

●Avoids requesting the notification permission on page load

●Displays images with correct aspect ratio

●Serves images with appropriate resolution

●Page has the HTML doctype

●Properly defines charset

●No browser errors logged to the console

●No issues in the `Issues` panel in Chrome Devtools

●Ensure CSP is effective against XSS attacks

●Use a strong HSTS policy

●Ensure proper origin isolation with COOP

●Mitigate clickjacking with XFO or CSP

●Mitigate DOM-based XSS with Trusted Types

●Detected JavaScript libraries

●Page has valid source maps

○Redirects HTTP traffic to HTTPS

100

SEO

These checks ensure that your page is following basic search engine optimization advice. There are many additional factors Lighthouse does not score here that may affect your search ranking, including performance on Core Web Vitals. Learn more about Google Search Essentials.

○Structured data is valid

●Page isn’t blocked from indexing

●Document has a `<title>` element

●Document has a meta description

●Page has successful HTTP status code

●Links have descriptive text

●Links are crawlable

●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes

●Document has a valid `hreflang`

○robots.txt is valid

○Document has a valid `rel=canonical`

Lighthouse Scores

Industry-standard audits powered by Google Lighthouse. — Desktop

Performance

Accessibility

100

Best Practices

100

SEO

Core Web Vitals

Key metrics that affect user experience. — Desktop

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

2.61 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

6.24 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

24 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.031

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

4.84 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

7.14 s

Detailed Report

Audit breakdown by category with detailed findings.

Performance

Insights

Remove large, duplicate JavaScript modules from bundles to reduce unnecessary bytes consumed by network activity.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Why this matters

Shipping ES5 transpiled code to modern browsers wastes bytes — every user with an evergreen browser pays for compatibility you don't need.

Learn more ▾

Source: Google web.dev / Lighthouse

3rd party code can significantly impact load performance. Reduce and defer loading of 3rd party code to prioritize your page's content.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

A long cache lifetime can speed up repeat visits to your page. Learn more about caching.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Request	Cache TTL	Transfer Size
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-07.jpg	0.0 ms	1.4 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/SGP%20Inaugural%20Week%201.png	0.0 ms	1.4 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-08.jpg	0.0 ms	1.3 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg	0.0 ms	1.0 MiB
/f/photo/29049/864p0/TeachingAndLearning2_Training Guardi...	0.0 ms	873.4 KiB
hku.hk/f/photo/29009/864p0/KnowledgeExchange3_Safe%20to%20Swallow_hero%202.jpg	0.0 ms	831.0 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/HKU_Miansite_Desktop_Fculties_Banner_Law.jpg	0.0 ms	721.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/poster/28940/527p0/30thHKMF1000x1382.png	0.0 ms	575.5 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/QS-Asia-University-Ranking-2026.jpg	0.0 ms	483.9 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/824c556/221018_AdmissionOnHKUHomeBanner_4.jpeg	0.0 ms	451.1 KiB
hku.hk/f/poster/28842/527p0/HKUbannerRoll.jpg	0.0 ms	438.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/poster/28943/527p0/mahkcs-in-hku-website-1000x1382.jpg	0.0 ms	389.1 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-3.jpg	0.0 ms	385.6 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-2.jpg	0.0 ms	362.8 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21473/527c345/flipboard-events.jpg	0.0 ms	359.3 KiB
hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	355.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/251104_HKU-Highly-Cited-Research_banner.jpg	0.0 ms	334.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/css/index.css?t=20230414	0.0 ms	320.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21501/527c345/career.JPG	0.0 ms	308.1 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21471/527c345/ProspectiveStudents.JPG	0.0 ms	304.4 KiB
hku.hk/f/photo/29050/864p0/CoverStory4_A-Better-Way-to-Share.jpg	0.0 ms	301.0 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21472/527c345/flipboard-libraries.jpg	0.0 ms	281.1 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7633/527c345/GivingtoHKU2022_updated.PNG	0.0 ms	279.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/photo/29010/864p0/Research5_Does%20AI%20Have%20a%20Mind.jpg	0.0 ms	261.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21470/527c345/currentstudent.JPG	0.0 ms	260.6 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7740/527c345/IMG_5829a.jpg	0.0 ms	238.7 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-8.jpg	0.0 ms	220.8 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21483/527c345/PubDec2025.png	0.0 ms	219.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7738/527c345/tnl2024.jpg	0.0 ms	215.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x123.gif	0.0 ms	207.6 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21504/527c345/flipboard-hkuinthemedia.jpg	0.0 ms	187.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/10567/527c345/publicity.jpg	0.0 ms	181.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-9.jpg	0.0 ms	169.4 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-5.jpg	0.0 ms	143.5 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-4.jpg	0.0 ms	137.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-10.jpg	0.0 ms	133.0 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-1.jpg	0.0 ms	115.4 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7739/527c345/Research_2x_1054x694.jpg	0.0 ms	109.3 KiB
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7916/527c345/flipboard-multimedia.jpg	0.0 ms	109.1 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/hku-115.svg?t=1760950144	0.0 ms	92.9 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-6.jpg	0.0 ms	92.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/min/js/mobile_menu.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	69.3 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont.woff2	0.0 ms	65.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-bold-webfont.woff2	0.0 ms	65.1 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfont.woff2	0.0 ms	65.0 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/home/img_bhv-bg-default.jpg?1598702724	0.0 ms	60.6 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W350xH123.png	0.0 ms	44.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/js/main.min.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	42.5 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanner.jpg	0.0 ms	40.6 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/29062/258c90/For%20HKU%20Web%20banner%20350%20x%20123%20px.png	0.0 ms	36.7 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-black-webfont.woff2	0.0 ms	36.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/besthk-logo-2016.png?t=20170511	0.0 ms	35.1 KiB
hku.hk/assets/min/js/menu.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	34.7 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/28942/258c90/mahkcs-hku-banner-350x123px.gif	0.0 ms	26.3 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-bold-webfont.woff2	0.0 ms	24.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/27503/258c90/Untitled%20design.jpg	0.0 ms	23.4 KiB
hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE.jpg	0.0 ms	21.8 KiB
hku.hk/assets/js/slide/banner.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	18.1 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/2014_Standard_Winner.png?t=20160921	0.0 ms	16.7 KiB
ssl.google-analytics.com/ga.js	7200.0 s	17.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/cad-27th.png?t=20210628	0.0 ms	6.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/WARS-Triple-Gold-hku-color.png?t=20230901	0.0 ms	6.5 KiB
static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-1966860.js?sv=7	60.0 s	6.2 KiB
hku.hk/assets/min/js/json_data.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	5.6 KiB
hku.hk/assets/fonts/icomoon/fonts/wico.woff2	0.0 ms	4.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/lib_slick/ajax-loader.gif	0.0 ms	4.7 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/bg_header.png	0.0 ms	4.3 KiB
hku.hk/assets/js/device.min.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	3.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/css/print.css	0.0 ms	2.0 KiB
hku.hk/assets/js/high-contrast.js?t=20230414	0.0 ms	1.9 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_android.svg	0.0 ms	1.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_ios.svg	0.0 ms	1.4 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_more.svg	0.0 ms	1.2 KiB
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_fb.svg	0.0 ms	1.1 KiB

Consider setting font-display to swap or optional to ensure text is consistently visible. swap can be further optimized to mitigate layout shifts with font metric overrides.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Est Savings
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont.woff2	765 ms
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-bold-webfont.woff2	750 ms
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfont.woff2	745 ms
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-bold-webfont.woff2	255 ms
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-black-webfont.woff2	245 ms

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

headings: [map[key:source label:Top function call valueType:source-location] map[granularity:1 key:reflowTime label:Total reflow time valueType:ms]]

items: [map[reflowTime:66 source:map[column:30300 line:2 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]]]

headings: [map[key:source label:Source valueType:source-location] map[granularity:1 key:reflowTime label:Total reflow time valueType:ms]]

items: [map[reflowTime:1.14 source:map[column:87016 line:1 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:7.77 source:map[column:85979 line:1 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:5.23 source:map[column:51866 line:1 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:39.241 source:map[column:51844 line:1 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:7.162 source:map[column:87592 line:1 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:0.196 source:map[column:87079 line:1 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:4.414 source:map[column:14284 line:78 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:0.974 source:map[column:329 line:71 type:source-location url:https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 urlProvider:network]]]

Reducing the download time of images can improve the perceived load time of the page and LCP. Learn more about optimizing image size

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

	URL	Resource Size	Est Savings
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-07.jpg	1.4 MiB	1.2 MiB
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/SGP%20Inaugural%20Week%201.png	1.4 MiB	1.2 MiB
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-08.jpg	1.3 MiB	1.1 MiB
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg	1.0 MiB	886.0 KiB
Building conservation careers while saving historical sites `div.caphoto__item > a.caphoto__img-w > div.caphoto__img-c > img.caphoto__img`	/f/photo/29049/864p0/TeachingAndLearning2_Training Guardi...	872.7 KiB	839.1 KiB
Restoring health and quality of life through safe swallowing innovations `div.caphoto__item > a.caphoto__img-w > div.caphoto__img-c > img.caphoto__img`	hku.hk/f/photo/29009/864p0/KnowledgeExchange3_Safe%20to%20Swallow_hero%202.jpg	830.3 KiB	796.7 KiB
30th Hong Kong Medical Forum `div.slick-track > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.flippy__poster`	hku.hk/f/poster/28940/527p0/30thHKMF1000x1382.png	574.9 KiB	547.0 KiB
div.section-adm__pic > div.section-adm__img-w > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.section-adm__pic > div.section-adm__img-w > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/824c556/221018_AdmissionOnHKUHomeBanner_4.jpeg	450.5 KiB	418.1 KiB
HKU Summer Institute Summer Programmes 2026 Application opens now `div.slick-track > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.flippy__poster`	hku.hk/f/poster/28842/527p0/HKUbannerRoll.jpg	437.5 KiB	409.7 KiB
Master of Arts in the field of Hong Kong Cultural Studies `div.slick-track > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.flippy__poster`	hku.hk/f/poster/28943/527p0/mahkcs-in-hku-website-1000x1382.jpg	388.5 KiB	360.6 KiB
Events `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21473/527c345/flipboard-events.jpg	358.6 KiB	345.5 KiB
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/QS-Asia-University-Ranking-2026.jpg	483.3 KiB	316.4 KiB
Careers `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21501/527c345/career.JPG	307.4 KiB	294.2 KiB
Prospective Students `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21471/527c345/ProspectiveStudents.JPG	303.7 KiB	290.5 KiB
Libraries `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21472/527c345/flipboard-libraries.jpg	280.5 KiB	267.3 KiB
Decentralising data collection for safer machine learning `div.caphoto__item > a.caphoto__img-w > div.caphoto__img-c > img.caphoto__img`	hku.hk/f/photo/29050/864p0/CoverStory4_A-Better-Way-to-Share.jpg	300.3 KiB	266.7 KiB
Giving to HKU `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/7633/527c345/GivingtoHKU2022_updated.PNG	278.6 KiB	265.4 KiB
Current Students `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21470/527c345/currentstudent.JPG	260.0 KiB	246.8 KiB
Could AI one day develop a mind? HKU professor examines the philosophical impli… `div.caphoto__item > a.caphoto__img-w > div.caphoto__img-c > img.caphoto__img`	hku.hk/f/photo/29010/864p0/Research5_Does%20AI%20Have%20a%20Mind.jpg	260.6 KiB	227.0 KiB
News Centre `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/7740/527c345/IMG_5829a.jpg	238.0 KiB	224.8 KiB
Publications `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21483/527c345/PubDec2025.png	218.6 KiB	205.4 KiB
Teaching & Learning `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/7738/527c345/tnl2024.jpg	214.6 KiB	201.4 KiB
U-Vision Online `ul > li#banner_06 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x123.gif	207.0 KiB	175.9 KiB
HKU in the Media `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/21504/527c345/flipboard-hkuinthemedia.jpg	186.6 KiB	173.4 KiB
div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item `div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/251104_HKU-Highly-Cited-Research_banner.jpg	333.7 KiB	168.7 KiB
Publicity on hku.hk `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/10567/527c345/publicity.jpg	180.7 KiB	167.5 KiB
Research `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/7739/527c345/Research_2x_1054x694.jpg	108.7 KiB	95.5 KiB
Multimedia `div.flippy > a.flippy__inner > div.flippy__img-w > img.placeholder__item`	hku.hk/f/flipboard/7916/527c345/flipboard-multimedia.jpg	108.5 KiB	95.3 KiB
30th Hong Kong Medical Forum `ul > li#banner_03 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W350xH123.png	43.8 KiB	41.5 KiB
HKU Summer Institute Summer Programmes 2026 Application opens now `ul > li#banner_05 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanner.jpg	40.0 KiB	37.7 KiB
DeepTech100 cohort 7 `ul > li#banner_04 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/29062/258c90/For%20HKU%20Web%20banner%20350%20x%20123%20px.png	36.1 KiB	33.8 KiB
Best .hk Website Awards 2016 `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/besthk-logo-2016.png?t=20170511	34.5 KiB	32.3 KiB
HKU CEDARS - Centre of Development and Resources for Students `ul > li#banner_02 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/27503/258c90/Untitled%20design.jpg	22.8 KiB	20.5 KiB
HKUSPACE `ul > li#banner_01 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE.jpg	21.2 KiB	18.9 KiB
University Standard of Excellence in the WebAward 2014 `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/2014_Standard_Winner.png?t=20160921	16.0 KiB	14.8 KiB

Each subpart has specific improvement strategies. Ideally, most of the LCP time should be spent on loading the resources, not within delays.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

headings: [map[key:label label:Subpart valueType:text] map[key:duration label:Duration valueType:ms]]

items: [map[duration:993.75 label:Time to first byte subpart:timeToFirstByte] map[duration:243.535 label:Resource load delay subpart:resourceLoadDelay] map[duration:2553.155 label:Resource load duration subpart:resourceLoadDuration] map[duration:71.122 label:Element render delay subpart:elementRenderDelay]]

lhId: page-3-IMG

nodeLabel: div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item

path: 4,HTML,1,BODY,6,DIV,4,DIV,0,DIV,1,MAIN,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,A,0,DIV,0,IMG

selector: div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item

snippet: <img class="placeholder__item" src="/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg" srcset="/f/frontpage/29052/3840c2160/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg 2x" alt="">

Optimize LCP by making the LCP image discoverable from the HTML immediately, and avoiding lazy-loading

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

lhId: page-3-IMG

nodeLabel: div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item

path: 4,HTML,1,BODY,6,DIV,4,DIV,0,DIV,1,MAIN,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,A,0,DIV,0,IMG

selector: div.slider__item > a > div.placeholder > img.placeholder__item

HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 offer many benefits over HTTP/1.1, such as multiplexing. Learn more about using modern HTTP.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Protocol
hku.hk/	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/css/index.css?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/js/device.min.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/js/high-contrast.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/hku-115.svg?t=1760950144	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/css/print.css	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/manifest.json	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/SGP%20Inaugural%20Week%201.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-07.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-08.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/251104_HKU-Highly-Cited-Research_banner.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/QS-Asia-University-Ranking-2026.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_fb.svg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_ios.svg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_android.svg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/svg/icon_more.svg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/WARS-Triple-Gold-hku-color.png?t=20230901	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/besthk-logo-2016.png?t=20170511	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/2014_Standard_Winner.png?t=20160921	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/cad-27th.png?t=20210628	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/min/js/menu.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/min/js/mobile_menu.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/min/js/json_data.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/js/slide/banner.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/js/main.min.js?t=20230414	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/bg_header.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-1.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-2.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-3.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfont.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/icomoon/fonts/wico.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-bold-webfont.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-bold-webfont.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7738/527c345/tnl2024.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7740/527c345/IMG_5829a.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21504/527c345/flipboard-hkuinthemedia.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21471/527c345/ProspectiveStudents.JPG	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7739/527c345/Research_2x_1054x694.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/824c556/221018_AdmissionOnHKUHomeBanner_4.jpeg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-4.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-5.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-6.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/HKU_Miansite_Desktop_Fculties_Banner_Law.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-8.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-9.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/img_bhv-bg-10.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/home/img_bhv-bg-default.jpg?1598702724	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/photo/29050/864p0/CoverStory4_A-Better-Way-to-Share.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/photo/29010/864p0/Research5_Does%20AI%20Have%20a%20Mind.jpg	http/1.1
/f/photo/29049/864p0/TeachingAndLearning2_Training Guardi...	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/photo/29009/864p0/KnowledgeExchange3_Safe%20to%20Swallow_hero%202.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/poster/28943/527p0/mahkcs-in-hku-website-1000x1382.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/poster/28940/527p0/30thHKMF1000x1382.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/poster/28842/527p0/HKUbannerRoll.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/27503/258c90/Untitled%20design.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W350xH123.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/29062/258c90/For%20HKU%20Web%20banner%20350%20x%20123%20px.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/28942/258c90/mahkcs-hku-banner-350x123px.gif	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanner.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x123.gif	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-black-webfont.woff2	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/lib_slick/ajax-loader.gif	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21470/527c345/currentstudent.JPG	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21472/527c345/flipboard-libraries.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21473/527c345/flipboard-events.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7633/527c345/GivingtoHKU2022_updated.PNG	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21483/527c345/PubDec2025.png	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/7916/527c345/flipboard-multimedia.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/21501/527c345/career.JPG	http/1.1
hku.hk/f/flipboard/10567/527c345/publicity.jpg	http/1.1
hku.hk/assets/img/favicon.ico	http/1.1

Avoid chaining critical requests by reducing the length of chains, reducing the download size of resources, or deferring the download of unnecessary resources to improve page load.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

title: Preconnected origins

value: no origins were preconnected

description: Add [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints to your most important origins, but try to use no more than 4.

title: Preconnect candidates

Requests are blocking the page's initial render, which may delay LCP. Deferring or inlining can move these network requests out of the critical path.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Transfer Size	Duration
hku.hk/assets/css/index.css?t=20230414	320.3 KiB	1.1 s
hku.hk/assets/js/high-contrast.js?t=20230414	1.9 KiB	849 ms
hku.hk/assets/js/device.min.js?t=20230414	3.9 KiB	849 ms

Your first network request is the most important. Reduce its latency by avoiding redirects, ensuring a fast server response, and enabling text compression.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

These insights are also available in the Chrome DevTools Performance Panel - record a trace to view more detailed information.

Time to Interactive is the amount of time it takes for the page to become fully interactive. Learn more about the Time to Interactive metric.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

TTI

Diagnostics

Reduce unused rules from stylesheets and defer CSS not used for above-the-fold content to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused CSS.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 280 ms 274.6 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
hku.hk/assets/css/index.css?t=20230414	319.7 KiB	274.6 KiB

Minifying JavaScript files can reduce payload sizes and script parse time. Learn how to minify JavaScript.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 0.0 ms 7.3 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
hku.hk/assets/js/slide/banner.js?t=20230414	17.5 KiB	7.3 KiB

Reduce unused JavaScript and defer loading scripts until they are required to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused JavaScript.

Why this matters

Multi-megabyte JavaScript bundles delay every interactive feature on the page.

Learn more ▾

Source: Google web.dev / Lighthouse

Estimated savings: 0.0 ms 342.4 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414	354.7 KiB	169.7 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-M9F2TJ6	135.0 KiB	68.8 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-ZHLLDTLTMG&cx=c&gtm=4e64h1h1	157.3 KiB	66.2 KiB
script.hotjar.com/modules.6a0f3932cb1341a35c18.js	56.1 KiB	37.7 KiB

Large network payloads cost users real money and are highly correlated with long load times. Learn how to reduce payload sizes.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Transfer Size
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-07.jpg	1.4 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/SGP%20Inaugural%20Week%201.png	1.4 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-08.jpg	1.3 MiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg	1.0 MiB
/f/photo/29049/864p0/TeachingAndLearning2_Training Guardi...	873.4 KiB
hku.hk/f/photo/29009/864p0/KnowledgeExchange3_Safe%20to%20Swallow_hero%202.jpg	831.0 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c654/HKU_Miansite_Desktop_Fculties_Banner_Law.jpg	721.2 KiB
hku.hk/f/poster/28940/527p0/30thHKMF1000x1382.png	575.5 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/QS-Asia-University-Ranking-2026.jpg	483.9 KiB
hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/824c556/221018_AdmissionOnHKUHomeBanner_4.jpeg	451.1 KiB

Set an explicit width and height on image elements to reduce layout shifts and improve CLS. Learn how to set image dimensions

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

	URL
Master of Arts in the field of Hong Kong Cultural Studies `ul > li#banner_04 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28942/258c90/mahkcs-hku-banner-350x123px.gif
U-Vision Online `ul > li#banner_06 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x123.gif
Best .hk Website Awards 2016 `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/besthk-logo-2016.png?t=20170511
Triple Gold Award of the Web Accessibility Recognition Scheme 2022/23 `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/WARS-Triple-Gold-hku-color.png?t=20230901
HKUSPACE `ul > li#banner_01 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE.jpg
HKU CEDARS - Centre of Development and Resources for Students `ul > li#banner_02 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/27503/258c90/Untitled%20design.jpg
30th Hong Kong Medical Forum `ul > li#banner_03 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W350xH123.png
HKU Summer Institute Summer Programmes 2026 Application opens now `ul > li#banner_05 > a > img`	hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanner.jpg
University Standard of Excellence in the WebAward 2014 `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/2014_Standard_Winner.png?t=20160921
The 27th Annual Communicator Awards of Distinction `div.page-foot__right > div.foot-award > a.foot-award__item > img.foot-award__logo`	hku.hk/assets/img/cad-27th.png?t=20210628

More information about the performance of your application. These numbers don't directly affect the Performance score.

●Max Potential First Input Delay 90 ms

●Layout shift culprits

●Optimize DOM size

●Optimize viewport for mobile

●Minify CSS

●User Timing marks and measures 5 user timings

●JavaScript execution time 0.4 s

●Minimizes main-thread work 1.8 s

●Avoid long main-thread tasks 3 long tasks found

●Avoid non-composited animations 31 animated elements found

●Page didn't prevent back/forward cache restoration

●Network Requests

●Network Round Trip Times 240 ms

●Server Backend Latencies 10 ms

●Tasks

●Diagnostics

●Metrics

●Screenshot Thumbnails

●Final Screenshot

●Script Treemap Data

●Resources Summary

●Avoid multiple page redirects

●Initial server response time was short Root document took 250 ms

●Avoid large layout shifts 4 layout shifts found

○INP breakdown

Accessibility

ARIA

Each ARIA `role` supports a specific subset of `aria-*` attributes. Mismatching these invalidates the `aria-*` attributes. Learn how to match ARIA attributes to their roles.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
2 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide01`
1 `div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide10`

Assistive technologies, like screen readers, can't interpret ARIA attributes with invalid values. Learn more about valid values for ARIA attributes.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
1 `div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide10`

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
1 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide00`
3 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide02`
4 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide03`
5 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide04`
6 `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide05`
2 `div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide11`
3 `div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide12`
4 `div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide13`

When an input field doesn't have an accessible name, screen readers announce it with a generic name, making it unusable for users who rely on screen readers. Learn more about input field labels.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
div.section-hero__cont > div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track `div.section-hero__cont > div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track`
A Better Way To Share Decentralising data collection for safer machine learning… `div.caphoto__cont > div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track`
Teaching & Learning News Centre HKU in the Media Prospective Students Research … `div.container-wide > div.flipboard__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track`
Master of Arts in the field of Hong Kong Cultural Studies `div.flippy > div.slider--poster > div.slick-list > div.slick-track`

When a toggle field doesn't have an accessible name, screen readers announce it with a generic name, making it unusable for users who rely on screen readers. Learn more about toggle fields.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track > div.slider__item `div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track > div.slider__item`

These are opportunities to improve the usage of ARIA in your application which may enhance the experience for users of assistive technology, like a screen reader.

Contrast

Low-contrast text is difficult or impossible for many users to read. Learn how to provide sufficient color contrast.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
Facebook `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
HKU IOS App `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
HKU Android App `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Social Media and Apps `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Careers `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
High Contrast `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a#switch-contrast-1`
Maps & Facilities `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Web Policies & Guidelines `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Contact Us `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Site Map `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Privacy `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Web Accessibility Statement `div.page-foot__left > ul.page-foot__list > li.page-foot__item > a.page-foot__link`
Copyright © 2026 The University of Hong Kong. All Rights Reserved. `div.container-wide > div.page-foot__inner > div.page-foot__right > p.foot-copyright`

These are opportunities to improve the legibility of your content.

Tables and lists

Screen readers have a specific way of announcing lists. Ensuring proper list structure aids screen reader output. Learn more about proper list structure.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
1 2 3 4 5 6 `div.section-hero__cont > div.section-hero__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots`
1 2 3 4 `div.caphoto__cont > div.caphoto__slider > div.slick-dots-container > ul.slick-dots`

These are opportunities to improve the experience of reading tabular or list data using assistive technology, like a screen reader.

○Interactive controls are keyboard focusable

○Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state

○The page has a logical tab order

○Visual order on the page follows DOM order

○User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region

○The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page

○HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation

○Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology

○Custom controls have associated labels

○Custom controls have ARIA roles

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`

●`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes

●Elements with an ARIA `[role]` that require children to contain a specific `[role]` have all required children.

●`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element

●`[role]` values are valid

●`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled

●Buttons have an accessible name

●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes

●`[user-scalable="no"]` is not used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element and the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is not less than 5.

●ARIA attributes are used as specified for the element's role

●Elements use only permitted ARIA attributes

●Document has a `<title>` element

●`<html>` element has a `[lang]` attribute

●`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute

●Links have a discernible name

●List items (`<li>`) are contained within `<ul>`, `<ol>` or `<menu>` parent elements

●No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0

●Touch targets have sufficient size and spacing.

●`[lang]` attributes have a valid value

●Heading elements appear in a sequentially-descending order

●`<html>` element has an `[xml:lang]` attribute with the same base language as the `[lang]` attribute.

●Document has a main landmark.

●Deprecated ARIA roles were not used

●Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes that are redundant text.

○`[accesskey]` values are unique

○`button`, `link`, and `menuitem` elements have accessible names

○Elements with `role="dialog"` or `role="alertdialog"` have accessible names.

○ARIA `meter` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `progressbar` elements have accessible names

○Elements with the `role=text` attribute do not have focusable descendents.

○ARIA `tooltip` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `treeitem` elements have accessible names

○The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region

○`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.

○Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements

○ARIA IDs are unique

○No form fields have multiple labels

○`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title

○Input buttons have discernible text.

○`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text

○Form elements have associated labels

○Links are distinguishable without relying on color.

○The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`

○`<object>` elements have alternate text

○Select elements have associated label elements.

○Skip links are focusable.

○Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.

○`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.

○`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`

○Tables have different content in the summary attribute and `<caption>`.

○All heading elements contain content.

○Uses ARIA roles only on compatible elements

○Identical links have the same purpose.

○Elements with visible text labels have matching accessible names.

○Tables use `<caption>` instead of cells with the `[colspan]` attribute to indicate a caption.

○`<td>` elements in a large `<table>` have one or more table headers.

100

Best Practices

●Uses HTTPS

●Avoids deprecated APIs

●Avoids third-party cookies

●Allows users to paste into input fields

●Avoids requesting the geolocation permission on page load

●Avoids requesting the notification permission on page load

●Displays images with correct aspect ratio

●Serves images with appropriate resolution

●Page has the HTML doctype

●Properly defines charset

●No browser errors logged to the console

●No issues in the `Issues` panel in Chrome Devtools

●Ensure CSP is effective against XSS attacks

●Use a strong HSTS policy

●Ensure proper origin isolation with COOP

●Mitigate clickjacking with XFO or CSP

●Mitigate DOM-based XSS with Trusted Types

●Detected JavaScript libraries

●Page has valid source maps

○Redirects HTTP traffic to HTTPS

100

SEO

○Structured data is valid

●Page isn’t blocked from indexing

●Document has a `<title>` element

●Document has a meta description

●Page has successful HTTP status code

●Links have descriptive text

●Links are crawlable

●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes

●Document has a valid `hreflang`

○robots.txt is valid

○Document has a valid `rel=canonical`

Results for https://hku.hk

Site Health

How you compare

Top Priorities (5)

Fix Priority Matrix

Quick Wins

Strategic

Easy Improvements

Deprioritize

What fixing these means

Conversion Barriers

Speed (2)

Trust (2)

Usability (1)

Content (1)

Navigation (2)

Return on Investment

Investment

Monthly returns

Regulatory risk avoided

Estimated Remediation Cost

Cost by category

Cost by effort level

What Inaction Is Costing You

Bandwidth Waste

Lighthouse Scores

Core Web Vitals

Detailed Report

Performance

Insights

Diagnostics

Accessibility

ARIA

Contrast

Tables and lists

Best Practices

SEO

Lighthouse Scores

Core Web Vitals

Detailed Report

Performance

Insights

Diagnostics

Accessibility

ARIA

Contrast

Tables and lists

Best Practices

SEO

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