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Performance

· 15 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
72
GRADE
C
FIX
5
REVIEW
2
PASS
6
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
91
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
91
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
96
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
83
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

1.22 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

1.56 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

10 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.020

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

1.34 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

2.44 s

Page Load Progression

375 ms
750 ms
1.1 s
1.5 s
1.9 s
2.2 s
2.6 s
3.0 s
Checks
15
6 PASS 2 REVIEW 5 FIX
F
Page Weight Budget
Action
2.7 MB transferred, 87 requests
FIX
2.7 MB transferred, 87 requests
Warning::
Page weighs 5.8 MB (2.7 MB transferred)
Warning::
Images are 1.3 MB — compress or use modern formats
Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.
Got: 1.3 MB
Warning::
JavaScript is 1.1 MB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 1.1 MB
Info::
87 HTTP requests
Info::
Estimated 0.56 g CO2 per page load
2.7 MB / 2.4 MB budget
2.7 MB transferred
87 requests
0.56 g CO2 per page load
Images 1.3 MiB 48%
JavaScript 1.1 MiB 42%
CSS 114.0 KiB 4%
Fonts 96.1 KiB 4%
Other 24.2 KiB 1%
HTML 21.5 KiB 1%
Other 15.0 KiB 1%
Other 554 B 0%
Other 385 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Over budget

Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.

Why this matters

Image bandwidth is high — modern formats (WebP/AVIF) and resizing typically cut it 50%+.

Source: web.dev

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

D
Third-Party Impact
Action
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
FIX
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Warning::
Third-party code accounts for 100% of page weight (2.7 MiB of 2.7 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
100%
First-party Third-party
F
JS Bundles
Action
23 scripts, 585 KB unused
FIX
23 scripts, 585 KB unused
Warning::
https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/mana...: 145 KB unused (77%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 134 KB unused (76%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/js/p...: 85 KB unused (74%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-G7V9...: 71 KB unused (40%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-KL6...: 65 KB unused (45%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 585 KB
585 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604160201/pubads_impl.js188 KB145 KB (77%)✓3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/adsense/m202604160101/show_ads_impl_fy2021.js178 KB134 KB (76%)✓3rd
https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/js/plugins.js117 KB85 KB (74%)✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-G7V965V32T&cx=c&gtm=4e64h1176 KB71 KB (40%)✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-KL6C9MW146 KB65 KB (45%)✓3rd
https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.7/config/TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML.js?V=2.7.760 KB33 KB (55%)✓3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-844832035929470354 KB31 KB (58%)✓3rd
https://cdn.openshareweb.com/v2/71c6eb22/main.js41 KB21 KB (51%)✓3rd
https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.7/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML17 KB—✓3rd
https://www.annualreviews.org/js/v/12.4.0/hybrid/site.js23 KB—✗3rd

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

F
Page Weight Inventory
Action
87 resources · 2.7 MB · 585 KB savings available
FIX
87 resources · 2.7 MB · 585 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 1.7 MB over 1MB target
Got: 2.7 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~585 KB of savings available
Warning::
86 third-party resources (100% of weight)
Info::
2 resources over 200KB
87 resources · 2.7 MiB · 86 third-party 1.7 MiB over 1MB target
Image 48% · 1.3 MiB
JavaScript 42% · 1.1 MiB
CSS 4% · 114.0 KiB
Font 4% · 96.1 KiB
Other 1% · 38.5 KiB
Document 1% · 21.9 KiB

~584.8 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 584.8 KiB
F
HTTP Caching
Action
No cache headers
FIX
No cache headers
Warning::
No Cache-Control header found
Browsers will use heuristic caching, which can be unpredictable. Set explicit cache headers.

No Cache-Control header

Adding a Cache-Control header can significantly improve repeat-visit performance.

C
Image Optimization
Action
39 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
39 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/AR_whi... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/I... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/c... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/i... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/logo-a... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/logo-k... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/t... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
39 images 1.3 MB
0 oversized -0 KB
38 legacy format
7 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

B
JS Execution Cost
546ms total JS execution
REVIEW
546ms total JS execution
Info::
https://www.annualreviews.org/: 151ms CPU time
Info::
Unattributable: 117ms CPU time
Info::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 77ms CPU time
Info::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-KL6...: 77ms CPU time
Info::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-G7V9...: 73ms CPU time
Warning::
Third-party scripts: 546ms (100% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 49% Other 18% Style & Layout 14% Script Parsing & Compilation 11% Rendering 4%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
https://www.annualreviews.org/151ms2ms0ms3rd
Unattributable117ms2ms0ms3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/adsense/m202604160101/show_ads_impl_fy2021.js77ms56ms13ms3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-KL6C9MW77ms65ms10ms3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-G7V965V32T&cx=c&gtm=4e64h173ms61ms11ms3rd
https://cdn.openshareweb.com/v2/71c6eb22/main.js51ms41ms3ms3rd
A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
7 fonts (96 KB)
PASS
7 fonts (96 KB)
Info::
7 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

7

96 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 7

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s 1.5 s FCP 1.2 s LCP 1.6 shttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/sourcesanspro/v22/6xK3dSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1RYOo3qOK7l.woff26xK3dSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1R... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/sourcesanspro/v22/6xK3dSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1RYOo3qOK7l.woff2 — 14.6 KiB — 75 ms — font-display: swapdata:application/x-font-ttf;charset=utf-8;base64,AAEAAAALAIAAAwAwT1MvMg8SBi4AAAC8AAAAYGNtYXD9Z7jOAA…x-font-ttf;charset=utf-... data:application/x-font-ttf;charset=utf-8;base64,AAEAAAALAIAAAwAwT1MvMg8SBi4AAAC8AAAAYGNtYXD9Z7jOAA… — 11.6 KiB — 43 ms — font-display: swaphttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/sourcesanspro/v22/6xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1RYOo3ig4vwlxdu.woff26xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1R... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/sourcesanspro/v22/6xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1RYOo3ig4vwlxdu.woff2 — 14.4 KiB — 40 ms — font-display: swaphttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/sourcesanspro/v22/6xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1RYOo3i54rwlxdu.woff26xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1R... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/sourcesanspro/v22/6xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1RYOo3i54rwlxdu.woff2 — 14.5 KiB — 44 ms — font-display: swaphttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/sourcesanspro/v22/6xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1RYOo3ik4zwlxdu.woff26xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1R... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/sourcesanspro/v22/6xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1RYOo3ik4zwlxdu.woff2 — 14.5 KiB — 46 ms — font-display: swaphttps://www.annualreviews.org/css/hybrid/bespoke-fonts/icomoon-social.woff?iq6ck1icomoon-social.woff https://www.annualreviews.org/css/hybrid/bespoke-fonts/icomoon-social.woff?iq6ck1 — 8.5 KiB — 142 ms — font-display: swaphttps://www.annualreviews.org/css/hybrid/bespoke-fonts/icomoon.ttf?iq6ck0icomoon.ttf https://www.annualreviews.org/css/hybrid/bespoke-fonts/icomoon.ttf?iq6ck0 — 18.1 KiB — 143 ms — font-display: swap
6xK3dSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1R... woff2 swap
Size 15 KB
Load time 75 ms
Start 574 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
x-font-ttf;charset=utf-... unknown swap
Size 12 KB
Load time 43 ms
Start 601 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
6xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1R... woff2 swap
Size 14 KB
Load time 40 ms
Start 644 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
6xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1R... woff2 swap
Size 15 KB
Load time 44 ms
Start 645 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
6xKydSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1R... woff2 swap
Size 14 KB
Load time 46 ms
Start 646 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
icomoon-social.woff woff swap
Size 8 KB
Load time 142 ms
Start 646 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
  • Convert to woff2 for ~30% smaller file size
icomoon.ttf ttf swap
Size 18 KB
Load time 143 ms
Start 656 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
  • Convert to woff2 for ~30% smaller file size
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)

Fixing the unchecked items could save ~11 KB and ~22 ms

A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
No optimization needed
PASS
No optimization needed
Info::
No resource hint issues
A+
Green Hosting
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
PASS

Green Hosting

This site is hosted on green energy infrastructure

Provider: Cloudflare

Network Waterfall
87 requests over 2364ms
INFO
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 2.0 s FCP 1.2 s LCP 1.6 shttps://annualreviews.org// https://annualreviews.org/ — 301 — 381 B — 140 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/www.annualreviews.org/ https://www.annualreviews.org/ — 200 — 11.9 KiB — 224 ms — h2https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.jscdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shar... https://cdn.shareaholic.net/assets/pub/shareaholic.js — 200 — 4.8 KiB — 71 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/hybrid/google-fonts.csswww.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/... https://www.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/hybrid/google-fonts.css — 200 — 1.3 KiB — 144 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/hybrid/site.csswww.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/... https://www.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/hybrid/site.css — 200 — 72.9 KiB — 174 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/hybrid/main-masthead.csswww.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/... https://www.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/hybrid/main-masthead.css — 200 — 5.1 KiB — 142 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/hybrid/annualreviews.csswww.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/... https://www.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/hybrid/annualreviews.css — 200 — 16.3 KiB — 144 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/hybrid/annualreviews-home.csswww.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/... https://www.annualreviews.org/css/v/12.4.0/hybrid/annualreviews-home.css — 200 — 14.1 KiB — 150 ms — h2https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/froala-editor/2.8.1/css/froala_style.min.csscdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/froa... https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/froala-editor/2.8.1/css/froala_style.min.css — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 50 ms — h3https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/js/vendor/modernizer.custom.min.jswww.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4... https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/js/vendor/modernizer.custom.min.js — 200 — 8.3 KiB — 144 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/js/v/12.4.0/jp/jquery-1.11.1.min.jswww.annualreviews.org/js/v/12.4.0/j... https://www.annualreviews.org/js/v/12.4.0/jp/jquery-1.11.1.min.js — 200 — 32.9 KiB — 171 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/js/jquery.dlmenu.jswww.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4... https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/js/jquery.dlmenu.js — 200 — 2.2 KiB — 144 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/InstLoginIco_15x15.pngwww.annualreviews.org/docserver/ful... https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/InstLoginIco_15x15.png — 200 — 810 B — 33 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/ar-logo-1479872034357.svgwww.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid... https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/ar-logo-1479872034357.svg — 200 — 1.1 KiB — 148 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/AR_white_Logo-1665986338647.webpwww.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid... https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/AR_white_Logo-1665986338647.webp — 200 — 3.1 KiB — 123 ms — h2https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/sourcesanspro/v22/6xK3dSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1RYOo3qOK7l.woff2fonts.gstatic.com/s/sourcesanspro/v... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/sourcesanspro/v22/6xK3dSBYKcSV-LCoeQqfX1RYOo3qOK7l.woff2 — 200 — 14.6 KiB — 75 ms — h3https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/logo-ar.svgwww.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid... https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/logo-ar.svg — 200 — 1.3 KiB — 151 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/js/v/12.4.0/jp/jquery.form.jswww.annualreviews.org/js/v/12.4.0/j... https://www.annualreviews.org/js/v/12.4.0/jp/jquery.form.js — 200 — 8.4 KiB — 149 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/js/plugins.jswww.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4... https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/js/plugins.js — 200 — 117.2 KiB — 177 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/js/sitejp.jswww.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4... https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/js/sitejp.js — 200 — 12.3 KiB — 161 ms — h2https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.jswww.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gp... https://www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js — 200 — 34.0 KiB — 119 ms — h2https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-8448320359294703pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-8448320359294703 — 200 — 54.2 KiB — 109 ms — h3https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-KL6C9MWwww.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-KL6C9MW — 200 — 145.8 KiB — 157 ms — h2https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.7/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMMLcdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/math... https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/mathjax/2.7.7/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_HTMLorMML — 200 — 17.3 KiB — 48 ms — h3https://cdn.openshareweb.com/v2/71c6eb22/main.jscdn.openshareweb.com/v2/71c6eb22/ma... https://cdn.openshareweb.com/v2/71c6eb22/main.js — 200 — 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— 200 — 65 B — 70 ms — h3https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/mi-s2o-home-167x115.pngwww.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid... https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/mi-s2o-home-167x115.png — 200 — 7.5 KiB — 140 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/op-s2o-home-167x115.pngwww.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid... https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/op-s2o-home-167x115.png — 200 — 4.9 KiB — 139 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/katina-subscribe-new-2026-167x115.pngwww.annualreviews.org/docserver/ful... https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/katina-subscribe-new-2026-167x115.png — 200 — 10.2 KiB — 28 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/charleston-sc-558x362.pngwww.annualreviews.org/docserver/ful... https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/charleston-sc-558x362.png — 200 — 392.5 KiB — 39 ms — h2https://region1.google-analytics.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-G7V965V32T&gtm=45je64h1v890600163z877674275za20gzb77674275zd77674275&_p=1776809468709&gcd=13l3lPl2l1l1&npa=1&dma_cps=a&dma=1&are=1&cid=995206795.1776809469&frm=0&pscdl=noapi&rcb=17&sr=800x600&uaa=x86&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.101%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=&uamb=0&uap=macOS&uapv=10.15.7&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115616986~115938466~115938468~117266401~117884344&sid=1776809469&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2F&dt=Annual%20Reviews&en=page_view&_fv=1&_nsi=1&_ss=1&tfd=1245region1.google-analytics.com/g/coll... https://region1.google-analytics.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-G7V965V32T&gtm=45je64h1v890600163z877674275za20gzb77674275zd77674275&_p=1776809468709&gcd=13l3lPl2l1l1&npa=1&dma_cps=a&dma=1&are=1&cid=995206795.1776809469&frm=0&pscdl=noapi&rcb=17&sr=800x600&uaa=x86&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.101%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=&uamb=0&uap=macOS&uapv=10.15.7&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115616986~115938466~115938468~117266401~117884344&sid=1776809469&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.annualreviews.org%2F&dt=Annual%20Reviews&en=page_view&_fv=1&_nsi=1&_ss=1&tfd=1245 — 204 — 554 B — 67 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/AR_WeChat_barcode.jpgwww.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid... https://www.annualreviews.org/images/hybrid/AR_WeChat_barcode.jpg — 200 — 4.6 KiB — 142 ms — h2https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/managed/dict/m202604210101/gptsecurepubads.g.doubleclick.net/page... https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/pagead/managed/dict/m202604210101/gpt — 200 — 23.0 KiB — 37 ms — h3https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/top-science-2025-558x362.pngwww.annualreviews.org/docserver/ful... https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/top-science-2025-558x362.png — 200 — 317.9 KiB — 37 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/open-access-open-science-turmoil-japan-558x362.pngwww.annualreviews.org/docserver/ful... https://www.annualreviews.org/docserver/fulltext/open-access-open-science-turmoil-japan-558x362.png — 200 — 43.1 KiB — 31 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/images/jp//ui-bg_glass_75_ffffff_1x400.pngwww.annualreviews.org/images/jp//ui... https://www.annualreviews.org/images/jp//ui-bg_glass_75_ffffff_1x400.png — 200 — 616 B — 133 ms — h2https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/css/component.csswww.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4... https://www.annualreviews.org/common/v/12.4.0/css/component.css — 200 — 2.4 KiB — 148 ms — h2https://ep1.adtrafficquality.google/getconfig/sodar?sv=200&tid=gda&tv=r20260420&st=env&sjk=4090482811262096ep1.adtrafficquality.google/getconf... https://ep1.adtrafficquality.google/getconfig/sodar?sv=200&tid=gda&tv=r20260420&st=env&sjk=4090482811262096 — 200 — 13.2 KiB — 64 ms — h3https://www.annualreviews.org/upload/favicon.icowww.annualreviews.org/upload/favico... https://www.annualreviews.org/upload/favicon.ico — 200 — 887 B — 144 ms — h2https://ep2.adtrafficquality.google/sodar/sodar2.jsep2.adtrafficquality.google/sodar/s... https://ep2.adtrafficquality.google/sodar/sodar2.js — 200 — 7.9 KiB — 74 ms — h2https://ep2.adtrafficquality.google/sodar/sodar2/254/runner.htmlep2.adtrafficquality.google/sodar/s... https://ep2.adtrafficquality.google/sodar/sodar2/254/runner.html — 200 — 5.8 KiB — 69 ms — h2https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/bg/dj12lhpBI2WR1GQ6n5lcmp69XlpHOiTAWO7c9b6NTo0.jspagead2.googlesyndication.com/bg/dj... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/bg/dj12lhpBI2WR1GQ6n5lcmp69XlpHOiTAWO7c9b6NTo0.js — 200 — 21.6 KiB — 27 ms — h3https://ep2.adtrafficquality.google/generate_204?2VJY5Qep2.adtrafficquality.google/generat... https://ep2.adtrafficquality.google/generate_204?2VJY5Q — 204 — 40 B — 24 ms — h2https://ep1.adtrafficquality.google/pagead/sodar?id=sodar2&v=254&t=2&li=gda_r20260420&jk=4090482811262096&bg=!zM-lz63NAAY2C5OeFgs7AEcBe5WfOAgXVunS10ysotk2gOkk-ewIHeSBqAQFMpEQJcYH9ANhv1ZOMQ3MwYYl3bt0LTd-FwC3CY5B7DbxEspBn4f11bdG6wIAAABCUgAAAARoAQd-ADel-aTnSMi7PnOaKRiZVF7IU6E0piLF4ljOOjglJiKE_lDYp4XuOL57bT3WftOXhYXUVp1kUGD7mQKri5HetgElnPxmQM3DkXdhRPmCGpiV42uWZr8z_XSc0lgwKXIokQAm3HEOjXC6RAYbg5sGwhaccbaMHiWk3cRImwnyPNx0I8ohrGvyGP_f0eXQB9m7wdCaqgXjglCzN_7a8fTCrFeXd-ZnbUToBxePCnRyDfNI5k5GWmKg_reZkUXIdiERA5iYnFRJAHaTYNMyTy2-CQNsCcS62MXm77mUOuIksCESJ009kDEk3iMwWWHC_36lAGlE4bGBbsbX1W2d4MeWkE9YzRqs2TfkwBLlyqiBeOCrlmZgS6BpaeSfsFsZ2afir5ZzAZxz2MdyRfXEblOFKcrVBsnUkiYZGHS44AJl2Zez0n5De2c5nunlHU3-gG9qOvzA4_vF7dAPKv8qzuZHXP8d3paUHt9bzUK5h9H8wGFyJLx3mZSq-CBCZ1-knUPqCdVDFbpgqVkGYnv6OwB0c-clXCuVDVo1TxN8468Sl6k-PXB9Zdw5DK7hNCPCwJIUNt3mO-jb_8XgezSJ4pMBI56XOH-qRO3d5xKwqXrXMEb-HuYSFEpXY1rqwPxp2zBHkN24u9TAkciVogmgsAJIieA5o1iHdWw8Vv5jGJO8QJRSM_QquL4C4zxn2YaxWtNoGlU4mmFxh2ne5-HzvnMB2mNH5fHW0D7cMP1OLRvnc7Oj-ys2Ewcij3CDeYIne-KaeYg8ZpEQDXXfoWw1eOCu30BRNNwNQ2R2OueVbatSCdF7K0-P7gh2io2dfEa3FIj1KKbob9YZOqrAWZbeeOJScBfIshGi669L2PisXD8H7r7mm7kb38LI77R4pM_-6tg1fVNdNzRErjtWSz6g1FJlnwt_XjkpKPPgn02fW_LAzSL-fIH_MldSGBnpI0b_D6VMGXCJFdxhFitXfljpC4wb2MbcSQlN-bAep1.adtrafficquality.google/pagead/... https://ep1.adtrafficquality.google/pagead/sodar?id=sodar2&v=254&t=2&li=gda_r20260420&jk=4090482811262096&bg=!zM-lz63NAAY2C5OeFgs7AEcBe5WfOAgXVunS10ysotk2gOkk-ewIHeSBqAQFMpEQJcYH9ANhv1ZOMQ3MwYYl3bt0LTd-FwC3CY5B7DbxEspBn4f11bdG6wIAAABCUgAAAARoAQd-ADel-aTnSMi7PnOaKRiZVF7IU6E0piLF4ljOOjglJiKE_lDYp4XuOL57bT3WftOXhYXUVp1kUGD7mQKri5HetgElnPxmQM3DkXdhRPmCGpiV42uWZr8z_XSc0lgwKXIokQAm3HEOjXC6RAYbg5sGwhaccbaMHiWk3cRImwnyPNx0I8ohrGvyGP_f0eXQB9m7wdCaqgXjglCzN_7a8fTCrFeXd-ZnbUToBxePCnRyDfNI5k5GWmKg_reZkUXIdiERA5iYnFRJAHaTYNMyTy2-CQNsCcS62MXm77mUOuIksCESJ009kDEk3iMwWWHC_36lAGlE4bGBbsbX1W2d4MeWkE9YzRqs2TfkwBLlyqiBeOCrlmZgS6BpaeSfsFsZ2afir5ZzAZxz2MdyRfXEblOFKcrVBsnUkiYZGHS44AJl2Zez0n5De2c5nunlHU3-gG9qOvzA4_vF7dAPKv8qzuZHXP8d3paUHt9bzUK5h9H8wGFyJLx3mZSq-CBCZ1-knUPqCdVDFbpgqVkGYnv6OwB0c-clXCuVDVo1TxN8468Sl6k-PXB9Zdw5DK7hNCPCwJIUNt3mO-jb_8XgezSJ4pMBI56XOH-qRO3d5xKwqXrXMEb-HuYSFEpXY1rqwPxp2zBHkN24u9TAkciVogmgsAJIieA5o1iHdWw8Vv5jGJO8QJRSM_QquL4C4zxn2YaxWtNoGlU4mmFxh2ne5-HzvnMB2mNH5fHW0D7cMP1OLRvnc7Oj-ys2Ewcij3CDeYIne-KaeYg8ZpEQDXXfoWw1eOCu30BRNNwNQ2R2OueVbatSCdF7K0-P7gh2io2dfEa3FIj1KKbob9YZOqrAWZbeeOJScBfIshGi669L2PisXD8H7r7mm7kb38LI77R4pM_-6tg1fVNdNzRErjtWSz6g1FJlnwt_XjkpKPPgn02fW_LAzSL-fIH_MldSGBnpI0b_D6VMGXCJFdxhFitXfljpC4wb2MbcSQlN-bA — 204 — 17 B — 46 ms — h3
HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
100% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 546ms · 553KB · $7/mo
www.annualreviews.org
Other
Optional
Execution 151ms
Transfer 12 KB
Monthly Cost $2/mo
Unattributable
Other
Optional
Execution 117ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost $2/mo
pagead2.googlesyndication.com
Other
Optional
Execution 77ms
Transfer 178 KB
Unused 76%
Monthly Cost $1/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Optional
Execution 77ms
Transfer 146 KB
Unused 45%
Monthly Cost $1/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Optional
Execution 73ms
Transfer 176 KB
Unused 40%
Monthly Cost $1/mo
cdn.openshareweb.com
Other
Optional
Execution 51ms
Transfer 41 KB
Unused 51%
Monthly Cost $1/mo

100% of JavaScript execution time is spent on third-party scripts. Consider auditing which scripts are essential.

Why this matters

When third-party JS execution time exceeds your own, performance gains from frontend work are capped by code you don't own.

Learn more ▾

Every millisecond of third-party JS competes with your own for main-thread time. If their share is bigger than yours, optimization on your code base barely moves the needle. Audit, defer, or remove third-parties before further frontend optimization. Use Lighthouse's third-party audit to identify the worst offenders.

Source: web.dev

76% of pagead2.googlesyndication.com's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

51% of cdn.openshareweb.com's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

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