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Accessibility

· 13 checks — Landmarks, headings, alt text, forms, and link quality rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
30
GRADE
F
FIX
11
REVIEW
2
PASS
0
INFO
0
Checks
13
2 REVIEW 11 FIX
D
Landmark Structure
Action
6 landmarks
FIX
6 landmarks
Critical::
No <main> landmark found
Screen reader users cannot quickly navigate to the primary content. Wrap your main content in <main>.
Info::
5 <nav> landmark(s) found
Warning::
5 of 5 <nav> elements are unlabeled
Multiple navigations need aria-label to distinguish them for screen readers.
Info::
No banner (header) landmark
Info::
No contentinfo (footer) landmark
Warning::
Skip navigation link is missing (WCAG 2.4.1)
Add a skip link as the first focusable element so keyboard users can bypass repeated navigation.
Page Structure — as a screen reader sees it
BANNER (missing!) NAV MAIN (missing!) CONTENTINFO (missing!)

Screen reader users cannot quickly navigate to the primary content. Wrap your main content in <main>.

Why this matters

Without a <main> landmark, screen-reader users can't skip past the navigation to the page content — every page starts with re-reading the menu.

Learn more ▾

The <main> element marks the page's primary content area. Assistive tech offers a 'jump to main' shortcut — but only if <main> exists. Without it, every page navigation forces re-reading the header. Wrap your primary content in a single <main>.

Source: WAI-ARIA / WCAG 2.4.1

Multiple navigations need aria-label to distinguish them for screen readers.

Why this matters

Some <nav> elements lack aria-label — screen-reader users hear 'navigation' multiple times with no way to distinguish them.

Learn more ▾

When a page has multiple <nav> regions (primary, footer, breadcrumb), each needs aria-label or aria-labelledby. AT users navigate by landmark; identical 'navigation' announcements force them to enter each one to discover purpose.

Source: WAI-ARIA Authoring Practices

Add a skip link as the first focusable element so keyboard users can bypass repeated navigation.

Why this matters

Without a skip-nav link, keyboard users tab through every nav item before reaching content — every page, every visit.

Learn more ▾

WCAG 2.4.1 (Bypass Blocks) requires a mechanism to skip past repeated content. The standard implementation is a 'Skip to main content' link that's the first focusable element, visually hidden until focused. Three lines of HTML + four of CSS.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 2.4.1

F
Heading Hierarchy
Action
82 headings, 5 skip(s)
FIX
82 headings, 5 skip(s)
Info::
Single H1 present
Warning::
Heading level skipped: H4 → H6 (missing H5)
Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.
Warning::
Heading level skipped: H4 → H6 (missing H5)
Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.
Warning::
Heading level skipped: H4 → H6 (missing H5)
Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.
Warning::
Heading level skipped: H2 → H6 (missing H3)
Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.
Warning::
Heading level skipped: H3 → H6 (missing H4)
Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.
  • H2 Your privacy, your choice
  • H3 Store and/or access information on a device
  • H3 Personalised advertising and content, advertising and content measurement, audience research and services development
  • H4 Browse
  • H4 Specialties
  • H4 About
  • H4 For Authors & Reviewers
  • H4 About
  • H4 Browse
  • H4 Cureus Partnerships
  • H4 Institutional Partners
  • H4 Advertising & Sponsorship
  • H4 Competitions
  • H4 Browse
  • H4 Highlights
  • H4 About Cureus
  • H4 Who We Are
  • H4 Contributors
  • H4 More From Cureus
  • H4 Competitions
  • H4 Browse
  • H4 Specialties
  • H4 For Authors & Reviewers
  • H4 About Channels
  • H4 Browse Channels
  • H4 Cureus Partnerships
  • H6 Learn more skipped
  • H4 Institutional Partners
  • H4 Advertising & Sponsorships
  • H4 Competitions
  • H4 Browse
  • H4 Highlights
  • H4 About Cureus
  • H6 Learn more skipped
  • H4 Who We Are
  • H4 Contributors
  • H4 More From Cureus
  • H4 Competitions
  • H6 Learn more skipped
  • H4 Ongoing Competitions
  • H1 Cureus Journal of Medical Science
  • H2 NEW
  • H2 EDITOR PICKS
  • H2 POPULAR
  • H3 CUREUS COLLECTIONS IN THE SPOTLIGHT
  • H3 Picture Prognosis
  • H3 Featured Content
  • H3 STAY CURIOUS
  • H3 Monthly Newsletter
  • H3 Weekly Quizzes
  • H2 LEARN MORE ABOUT CUREUS
  • H6 Publishing in Cureus skipped
  • H6 Academic Channels
  • H6 Article Collections
  • H6 About Us
  • H2 JOIN THE DISCUSSION
  • H2 WHY CUREUS?
  • H3 Affordable
  • H3 Reliable
  • H3 Revolutionary
  • H2 ABOUT PUBLISHING
  • H3 The Open Access medical journal for a new generation of doctors, researchers and patients
  • H2 FEATURED AUTHORS & REVIEWERS
  • H3 STAY CURIOUS
  • H3 Monthly Newsletter
  • H3 Weekly Quizzes
  • H3 Featured Multimedia
  • H6 Article video playlist skipped
  • H6 Article video playlist
  • H6 Emergency medicine video playlist
  • H6 Cureus authors summarize their articles
  • H6 Cureus author experiences
  • H6 Interviews with our authors
  • H6 Healthcare technology video playlist
  • H6 Article video playlist
  • H6 Article video playlist
  • H3 Download Cureus Media Kit
  • H4 Published Content
  • H4 Resources
  • H4 About Us
  • H4 Stay Connected
  • H2 SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER FOR ALL THE LATEST NEWS AND UPDATES

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.

Why this matters

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline — screen-reader users lose track of section nesting.

Learn more ▾

Screen reader users navigate by jumping between headings (H1 → H2 → H3). Skipping (H1 → H3) breaks the sense of hierarchy. Use sequential levels even if you don't like the default styling — restyle with CSS instead. WCAG 1.3.1 (Info and Relationships) treats this as an A failure.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 1.3.1 / W3C WAI

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.

Why this matters

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline — screen-reader users lose track of section nesting.

Learn more ▾

Screen reader users navigate by jumping between headings (H1 → H2 → H3). Skipping (H1 → H3) breaks the sense of hierarchy. Use sequential levels even if you don't like the default styling — restyle with CSS instead. WCAG 1.3.1 (Info and Relationships) treats this as an A failure.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 1.3.1 / W3C WAI

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.

Why this matters

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline — screen-reader users lose track of section nesting.

Learn more ▾

Screen reader users navigate by jumping between headings (H1 → H2 → H3). Skipping (H1 → H3) breaks the sense of hierarchy. Use sequential levels even if you don't like the default styling — restyle with CSS instead. WCAG 1.3.1 (Info and Relationships) treats this as an A failure.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 1.3.1 / W3C WAI

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.

Why this matters

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline — screen-reader users lose track of section nesting.

Learn more ▾

Screen reader users navigate by jumping between headings (H1 → H2 → H3). Skipping (H1 → H3) breaks the sense of hierarchy. Use sequential levels even if you don't like the default styling — restyle with CSS instead. WCAG 1.3.1 (Info and Relationships) treats this as an A failure.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 1.3.1 / W3C WAI

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.

Why this matters

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline — screen-reader users lose track of section nesting.

Learn more ▾

Screen reader users navigate by jumping between headings (H1 → H2 → H3). Skipping (H1 → H3) breaks the sense of hierarchy. Use sequential levels even if you don't like the default styling — restyle with CSS instead. WCAG 1.3.1 (Info and Relationships) treats this as an A failure.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 1.3.1 / W3C WAI

F
Alt Text Quality
Action
310 of 311 images have issues
FIX
310 of 311 images have issues
Critical::
310 image(s) missing alt attribute
Images without alt text are invisible to screen readers.
Critical::
271 image-in-link without alt text
An image inside a link with no alt creates an empty link.
Info::
1 image(s) with good alt text
311 images 1 good alt text 310 missing
IssueCount
missing310 image(s)

Images without alt text are invisible to screen readers.

Why this matters

Each image without alt text is a WCAG 1.1.1 failure — invisible to screen-reader users, lost from Google Image Search.

Learn more ▾

WCAG 2.1 Level A requires text alternatives for non-decorative images. Empty alt='' is fine for decorative; meaningful images need descriptive text. Common fixes: CMS audit + bulk add, build-time linter (alt-text-required ESLint rule), CI gate on Lighthouse a11y score.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 1.1.1 / WebAIM Million Report

An image inside a link with no alt creates an empty link.

Why this matters

Image-only links with no alt create empty links — screen-reader users hear 'link' with no destination context.

Learn more ▾

An <a><img></a> with no img alt is the worst-case for accessibility: AT announces the link but can't describe where it goes. Either add alt to the image OR add aria-label to the link.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 2.4.4

F
Form Accessibility
Action
13 of 19 controls have issues
FIX
13 of 19 controls have issues
Critical::
5 control(s) without accessible label
Form controls need a <label>, aria-label, or aria-labelledby for screen readers.
Got: <input type="submit" name="commit">; <input type="submit" name="commit">; <textarea name="g-recaptcha-response" id="g-recaptcha-response">; <input type="submit" name="commit">; <input type="submit" name="commit">
Warning::
8 control(s) rely on placeholder only
Placeholder text disappears on focus and is not a reliable label.
Got: <input type="email" name="email" id="email">; <input type="email" name="email" id="email">; <input type="text" name="advertising_inquiry[first_name]" id="advertising_inquiry_first_name">; <input type="text" name="advertising_inquiry[last_name]" id="advertising_inquiry_last_name">; <input type="email" name="advertising_inquiry[email]" id="advertising_inquiry_email">; <input type="text" name="advertising_inquiry[organization_name]" id="advertising_inquiry_organization_name">; <input type="text" name="advertising_inquiry[message]" id="advertising_inquiry_message">; <input type="email" name="email" id="email">
Info::
6 control(s) properly labeled
19 controls
6 labeled
8 placeholder only
5 unlabeled
ControlTypeLabelMethod
qtextnone
#0radioEosinophilic annular erythema (EAE)none
#1radioWells syndrome (eosinophilic cellulitis)none
#2radioSchnitzler syndromenone
#3radioBullous pemphigoid (early phase)none
#0c00f745-837f-4f29-bfae-db4af6dca2facheckboxI would like to receive Cureus newsletters and updates.for/id
#emailemail(Enter your email address)placeholder only
#advertising_inquiry_first_nametext(First name)placeholder only
#advertising_inquiry_last_nametext(Last name)placeholder only
#advertising_inquiry_emailemail(Email address)placeholder only
#advertising_inquiry_organization_nametext(Name of organization)placeholder only
#advertising_inquiry_messagetext(Message (optional))placeholder only
#emailemail(Enter your email address)placeholder only
#emailemail(Enter your email address)placeholder only
commitsubmit(none)none
#g-recaptcha-responsetextarea(none)none
commitsubmit(none)none
commitsubmit(none)none
commitsubmit(none)none

Form controls need a <label>, aria-label, or aria-labelledby for screen readers.

<input type="submit" name="commit">; <input type="submit" name="commit">; <textarea name="g-recaptcha-response" id="g-recaptcha-response">; <input type="submit" name="commit">; <input type="submit" name="commit">

Why this matters

Form controls without labels — assistive tech announces 'edit text' with no context; users can't complete forms.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 3.3.2

Placeholder text disappears on focus and is not a reliable label.

<input type="email" name="email" id="email">; <input type="email" name="email" id="email">; <input type="text" name="advertising_inquiry[first_name]" id="advertising_inquiry_first_name">; <input type="text" name="advertising_inquiry[last_name]" id="advertising_inquiry_last_name">; <input type="email" name="advertising_inquiry[email]" id="advertising_inquiry_email">; <input type="text" name="advertising_inquiry[organization_name]" id="advertising_inquiry_organization_name">; <input type="text" name="advertising_inquiry[message]" id="advertising_inquiry_message">; <input type="email" name="email" id="email">

Why this matters

Placeholder-only labels disappear when the user starts typing — they must remember what the field was for.

Learn more ▾

Placeholders are NOT labels. They vanish on input, fail color contrast checks (most are gray), and don't satisfy WCAG SC 3.3.2. Always use a real <label> alongside (or aria-labelledby).

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 3.3.2 / Nielsen Norman

F
404 Error Page
Action
Soft 404 detected
FIX
Soft 404 detected
Critical::
Soft 404: server returns HTTP 200 for non-existent pages
The server returns HTTP 200 for a path that does not exist. Search engines will index these pages, diluting your real content. Configure your server to return a proper 404 status code for missing pages.
Got: Status: 200 for /beavercheck-404-test-kbue8t
404 Page Quality ✗ Soft 404 (HTTP 200)
Status Code: HTTP 200

The server returned HTTP 200 for a non-existent path. Search engines will index this page as real content. Configure your server to return HTTP 404 for missing pages.

F
Favicon & Branding
Action
2 icon(s) detected
FIX
2 icon(s) detected
Info::
favicon.ico present at site root
Info::
HTML icon links detected
Info::
No apple-touch-icon detected
iOS devices use this when users add your site to their home screen. Add <link rel='apple-touch-icon' sizes='180x180' href='/apple-touch-icon.png'>.
✓ favicon.ico Present
✓ PNG Icons Present
✗ Apple Touch Missing
✗ SVG Favicon Missing
✗ Manifest Icons Missing
✗ Multiple Sizes Missing
F
Web Manifest
Action
Invalid JSON
FIX
Invalid JSON
Warning::
Manifest contains invalid JSON
Manifest at https://cureus.com/manifest.json contains invalid JSON. Browsers cannot parse it.
Got: https://cureus.com/manifest.json

Manifest contains invalid JSON.

D
Dark Mode Support
Action
No dark mode signals
FIX
No dark mode signals
Info::
No dark mode signals detected
Consider adding CSS with @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) and <meta name='color-scheme' content='light dark'>.
Info::
Detection limited to meta tags and inline styles
External CSS files may contain prefers-color-scheme rules not visible to this scan.
Dark ModeNo Dark Mode Detected
color-scheme meta Not set ✗Dark theme-color Not set ✗CSS indicators Not detected ✗

Detection limited to meta tags and inline styles.

D
Print Stylesheet
Action
No print styles
FIX
No print styles
Info::
No print-specific styles detected
When users print this page, they get the screen layout including navigation and non-essential elements. Add @media print rules to hide navigation and optimize layout for paper.
Print Stylesheet No Print Styles
Print stylesheet Not found ✗Inline @media print Not detected ✗
F
Navigation UX
Action
No navigation patterns
FIX
No navigation patterns
Info::
5 navigation landmark(s) detected
Info::
No breadcrumbs, search, or skip link detected
These navigation aids help users orient themselves and find content efficiently, especially on large sites.
Breadcrumbs
Search
Skip Link
Labeled Navigation 5 <nav> element(s)
Back to Top
Hamburger Menu
Sticky Navigation Cannot reliably detect (CSS-based)
1 of 6 testable patterns navigation patterns detected. Limited navigation support. Consider adding breadcrumbs, search, and skip link.
C
Color Contrast (Screenshot)
Action
20 text elements analyzed, 19 fail WCAG AA
REVIEW

Analyzes text contrast against the actual rendered page, including background images, gradients, and overlays that CSS-based tools cannot detect.

1 pass 19 fail WCAG AA
h1 Cureus Journal of Medical Science
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
32px · bottom of viewport
h2 NEW
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
24px · bottom of viewport
h2 EDITOR PICKS
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
24px · bottom of viewport
h2 POPULAR
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
24px · bottom of viewport
h2 LEARN MORE ABOUT CUREUS
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
24px · bottom of viewport
h2 JOIN THE DISCUSSION
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
24px · bottom of viewport
h2 WHY CUREUS?
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
24px · bottom of viewport
h2 ABOUT PUBLISHING
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
24px · bottom of viewport
h2 FEATURED AUTHORS & REVIEWERS
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
24px · bottom of viewport
h2 SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEWSLETTER FOR ALL THE …
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
24px · bottom of viewport
h3 Store and/or access information on a dev…
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
19px · above the fold
h3 Personalised advertising and content, ad…
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
19px · mid-page
h3 CUREUS COLLECTIONS IN THE SPOTLIGHT
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
19px · bottom of viewport
h3 Picture Prognosis
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
19px · bottom of viewport
h3 Featured Content
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
19px · bottom of viewport
h3 STAY CURIOUS
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
19px · bottom of viewport
h3 Monthly Newsletter
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
19px · bottom of viewport
h3 Weekly Quizzes
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
19px · bottom of viewport
h3 Affordable
1.56:1
#000000
on
#01324B
needs 3.0:1 (large text)
19px · bottom of viewport
Show all checked elements (20)
ElementRatioRequiredFGBGResult
h1 Cureus Journal of Me…1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h2 Your privacy, your c…9.47:13.0:1
#000000
#AEAEAF
Pass
h2 NEW1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h2 EDITOR PICKS1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h2 POPULAR1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h2 LEARN MORE ABOUT CUR…1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h2 JOIN THE DISCUSSION1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h2 WHY CUREUS?1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h2 ABOUT PUBLISHING1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h2 FEATURED AUTHORS & R…1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h2 SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEW…1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h3 Store and/or access …1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h3 Personalised adverti…1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h3 CUREUS COLLECTIONS I…1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h3 Picture Prognosis1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h3 Featured Content1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h3 STAY CURIOUS1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h3 Monthly Newsletter1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h3 Weekly Quizzes1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail
h3 Affordable1.56:13.0:1
#000000
#01324B
Fail

Methodology: The top 20 text elements by font size were checked. Background color was sampled from the desktop screenshot using a 5-point pattern. WCAG 2.1 AA requires 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text.

C
Lighthouse Accessibility Audits
Action
Score 77/100 — 6 failing, 21 passed
REVIEW
77

Accessibility

These checks highlight opportunities to improve the accessibility of your web app. Automatic detection can only detect a subset of issues and does not guarantee the accessibility of your web app, so manual testing is also encouraged.

Contrast

Low-contrast text is difficult or impossible for many users to read. Learn how to provide sufficient color contrast.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
ADVERTISEMENT body.application_layout > div.cureus-ad-wrapper > div.cureus-ad
Cureus Journal of Medical Science nav.tab-bar > div.super-nav-heading > div.left > p
6.3 Million div.metrics-wrapper > div.daily-metrics-container > div.metric-container > div.metric-text
1.2 Million div.metrics-wrapper > div.daily-metrics-container > div.metric-container > div.metric-text
29 Days div.metrics-wrapper > div.daily-metrics-container > div.metric-container > div.metric-text
36 Hours div.metrics-wrapper > div.daily-metrics-container > div.metric-container > div.metric-text
SEE ALL div.new-articles > div.articles-header-text-container > div.content-header-container > a.see-all-link
CASE REPORT div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-type
APRIL 22, 2026 div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-date
Felix Barth, Martin Waldner, Mathias Häfeli div.new-articles > div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors
Felix Barth div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Martin Waldner div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Mathias Häfeli div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
CASE REPORT div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-type
APRIL 22, 2026 div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-date
John Nobles II, Frances Morana, [...] Reginald Jones div.new-articles > div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors
John Nobles II div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Frances Morana div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Reginald Jones div.new-article-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
CASE REPORT div.editor-pick-card-container > div.editor-pick-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-type
APRIL 20, 2026 div.editor-pick-card-container > div.editor-pick-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-date
Pascal Cathebras, Cyril Habougit, [...] Michel Vincent div.editor-pick-articles-container > div.editor-pick-card-container > div.editor-pick-content-container > div.article-authors
Pascal Cathebras div.editor-pick-card-container > div.editor-pick-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Cyril Habougit div.editor-pick-card-container > div.editor-pick-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Michel Vincent div.editor-pick-card-container > div.editor-pick-content-container > div.article-authors > a
CASE REPORT div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-type
APRIL 19, 2026 div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-date
Ramazan Ozdemir, Gokhan Gurkan, [...] Ayse Karatas Demirciler div.editor-pick-articles-container > div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors
Ramazan Ozdemir div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Gokhan Gurkan div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Ayse Karatas Demirciler div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
ORIGINAL ARTICLE div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-type
APRIL 19, 2026 div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-date
Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, Shahana Parveen, [...] Farhana Hossain div.editor-pick-articles-container > div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors
Abu Sayeed Chowdhury div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Shahana Parveen div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Farhana Hossain div.editor-pick-card-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
SEE ALL div.popular-articles > div.articles-header-text-container > div.content-header-container > a.see-all-link
CASE REPORT div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-type
APRIL 21, 2026 div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-date
Sofía Paola Agüero-Pineda, Rodrigo Grimaldo-Rivera, [...] Enrique Cervantes-Pér… div.popular-articles > div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors
Sofía Paola Agüero-Pineda div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Rodrigo Grimaldo-Rivera div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Enrique Cervantes-Pérez div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
ORIGINAL ARTICLE div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-type
APRIL 21, 2026 div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-date
Luis Francisco Castillo-Torres, Selene Velázquez-Moreno, [...] Marlen Vitales-N… div.popular-articles > div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors
Luis Francisco Castillo-Torres div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Selene Velázquez-Moreno div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Marlen Vitales-Noyola div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
ORIGINAL ARTICLE div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-type
APRIL 21, 2026 div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-date
Victoria Alejandra Gutiérrez-López, Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez, [...] Mar… div.popular-articles > div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors
Victoria Alejandra Gutiérrez-López div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Rita Elizabeth Martínez-Martínez div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Marlen Vitales-Noyola div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
EDITORIAL div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-type
APRIL 21, 2026 div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-date
Jami Rance div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Marc M. Kesselman div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
REVIEW ARTICLE div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-type
APRIL 21, 2026 div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.content-header-container > div.article-date
Saul J. Prado Fonseca, Fabiana M. Araya Padilla, [...] Gabriel Anchía Jiménez div.popular-articles > div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors
Saul J. Prado Fonseca div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Fabiana M. Araya Padilla div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
Gabriel Anchía Jiménez div.popular-articles-container > div.new-article-card-content-container > div.article-authors > a
SEE ALL div.header-container > div.header-content > div.see-all-container > a
SUBMIT DIAGNOSIS div.picture-prognosis-widget-container > div.picture-prognosis-content-container > div.questions-container > a.button
A localized publishing experience designed to increase visibility, access, and … div.ck-editor-content > p > strong > span
Japanese website div.ck-editor-content > p > a > strong
CASE REPORT div.content-container > div.article-info-container > div.type-and-date-container > div.type
Sebastián Monsalves, Juan Pablo Borgoño... Natalia Roman div.content-container > div.article-activity-container > div.author-names-container > div.authors
Assistant Professor div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > div.name-and-qualifications-container > p.qualifications
CASE REPORT div.content-container > div.article-info-container > div.type-and-date-container > div.type
Yonghyun Yoon, Jihyo Hwang... King Hei Stanley Lam div.content-container > div.article-activity-container > div.author-names-container > div.authors
MSurg, FACS, MBBS, Assistant Professor div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > div.name-and-qualifications-container > p.qualifications
CASE REPORT div.content-container > div.article-info-container > div.type-and-date-container > div.type
Salma Drari, Zineb Baba... Imane El Bouchti div.content-container > div.article-activity-container > div.author-names-container > div.authors
Other div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > div.name-and-qualifications-container > p.qualifications
CASE REPORT div.content-container > div.article-info-container > div.type-and-date-container > div.type
Salma Drari, Zineb Baba... Imane El Bouchti div.content-container > div.article-activity-container > div.author-names-container > div.authors
Research Assistant div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > div.name-and-qualifications-container > p.qualifications
Valuable information should not be hidden behind a paywall, and money should ne… div.why-cureus > div.content-container > div.content > p
The Cureus Journal of Medical Science is a Springer Nature journal with an Impa… div.why-cureus > div.content-container > div.content > p
new methods div.content-container > div.content > p > a
Cureus offers a streamlined and interactive article management process and medi… div.why-cureus > div.content-container > div.content > p
peer and editorial review. div.content-container > div.content > p > a
When it comes to the medical field, time is always of the essence. Through our … div.why-cureus > div.content-container > div.content > p
Cureus is a medical research journal aiming to energize the field of medicine w… div.why-cureus > div.content-container > div.content > p
submitting your research div.content-container > div.content > p > a
div.newsletter-form > div.form-container > form > input.button div.newsletter-form > div.form-container > form > input.button
TEST YOUR SKILLS div.newsletter-form > div.form-container > form > a.button
Specialties div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Articles div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Posters div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Abstracts div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Collections div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Channels div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Competitions div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Cureus Guides div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Cureus Honors div.footer-content > ul > li > a
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SIQ div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Article Promotion div.footer-content > ul > li > a
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Associate Editors div.footer-content > ul > li > a
About Publishing div.footer-content > ul > li > a
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Emails and Alerts div.footer-content > ul > li > a
LinkedIn div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Facebook div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Instagram div.footer-content > ul > li > a
Youtube div.footer-content > ul > li > a
BlueSky div.footer-content > ul > li > a
TikTok div.footer-content > ul > li > a
div.content-container > div.form-container > form > input.button div.content-container > div.form-container > form > input.button

These are opportunities to improve the legibility of your content.

Internationalization and localization

If a page doesn't specify a `lang` attribute, a screen reader assumes that the page is in the default language that the user chose when setting up the screen reader. If the page isn't actually in the default language, then the screen reader might not announce the page's text correctly. Learn more about the `lang` attribute.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
html.js html.js

These are opportunities to improve the interpretation of your content by users in different locales.

Names and labels

Informative elements should aim for short, descriptive alternate text. Decorative elements can be ignored with an empty alt attribute. Learn more about the `alt` attribute.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon
div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > span.left-mobile-dropdown-header > span > img.left-back-icon div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > span.left-mobile-dropdown-header > span > img.left-back-icon
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img.new-tag div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img.new-tag
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li.specialty > a.light-blue-hover > img
li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon
ul.resources > div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > div.left-mobile-dropdown-header > img.left-back-icon ul.resources > div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > div.left-mobile-dropdown-header > img.left-back-icon
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.resources > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon
div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > span.left-mobile-dropdown-header > span > img.left-back-icon div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > span.left-mobile-dropdown-header > span > img.left-back-icon
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.browse > img
ul.specialties > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.specialties > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.specialties > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.specialties > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon
ul > div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > div.left-mobile-dropdown-header > img.left-back-icon ul > div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > div.left-mobile-dropdown-header > img.left-back-icon
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.learn-more-button-left > img div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.learn-more-button-left > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon
ul.newsroom > div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > div.left-mobile-dropdown-header > img.left-back-icon ul.newsroom > div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > div.left-mobile-dropdown-header > img.left-back-icon
ul.newsroom > div.left-mobile-dropdown > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.newsroom > div.left-mobile-dropdown > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.newsroom > div.left-mobile-dropdown > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.newsroom > div.left-mobile-dropdown > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.newsroom > div.left-mobile-dropdown > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.newsroom > div.left-mobile-dropdown > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.newsroom > div.left-mobile-dropdown > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.newsroom > div.left-mobile-dropdown > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img ul.newsroom > li.posts > a.light-blue-hover > img
li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon
ul > div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > div.left-mobile-dropdown-header > img.left-back-icon ul > div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > div.left-mobile-dropdown-header > img.left-back-icon
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.learn-more-button-left > img div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.learn-more-button-left > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img ul > li > a.light-blue-hover > img
li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor > div.mobile-dropdown-anchor-content > img.right-forward-icon
ul > div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > div.left-mobile-dropdown-header > img.left-back-icon ul > div.left-mobile-dropdown-wrapper > div.left-mobile-dropdown-header > img.left-back-icon
div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.learn-more-button-left > img div.left-mobile-dropdown > li > a.learn-more-button-left > img
ul > div.links > a.dropdown-header-anchor-text > img.orange-arrow ul > div.links > a.dropdown-header-anchor-text > img.orange-arrow
ul > li.competitions-mobile > a.light-blue-hover > img.grid-channel-icon ul > li.competitions-mobile > a.light-blue-hover > img.grid-channel-icon
ul > li.competitions-mobile > a.light-blue-hover > img.grid-channel-icon ul > li.competitions-mobile > a.light-blue-hover > img.grid-channel-icon
nav.tab-bar > section.middle > a.menu-logo > img nav.tab-bar > section.middle > a.menu-logo > img
div.form-section > form.search-form-container > label.search-form-container > img.search-icon div.form-section > form.search-form-container > label.search-form-container > img.search-icon
div.new-articles > div.new-article-card-container > a.new-article-img-container > img div.new-articles > div.new-article-card-container > a.new-article-img-container > img
div.new-articles > div.new-article-card-container > a.new-article-img-container > img div.new-articles > div.new-article-card-container > a.new-article-img-container > img
div.editor-pick-articles-container > div.editor-pick-card-container > a > img div.editor-pick-articles-container > div.editor-pick-card-container > a > img
div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img
div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img
div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img
div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img
div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img
div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img
div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img
div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img
div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img
div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img div.orbit-container > ul.slides-container > li.slide > img
div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.comments > img.comments-icon div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.comments > img.comments-icon
div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.views > img.eye-icon div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.views > img.eye-icon
a > div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > img a > div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > img
div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.comments > img.comments-icon div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.comments > img.comments-icon
div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.views > img.eye-icon div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.views > img.eye-icon
a > div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > img a > div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > img
div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.comments > img.comments-icon div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.comments > img.comments-icon
div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.views > img.eye-icon div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.views > img.eye-icon
a > div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > img a > div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > img
div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.comments > img.comments-icon div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.comments > img.comments-icon
div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.views > img.eye-icon div.article-activity-container > div.comment-and-view-count-container > div.views > img.eye-icon
a > div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > img a > div.discussion-comment-container > div.profile-container > img
div.subscribe-newsletter > div.subscribe-newsletter-container > div.newsletter-content > img.subscribe-newsletter-thumbnail div.subscribe-newsletter > div.subscribe-newsletter-container > div.newsletter-content > img.subscribe-newsletter-thumbnail
div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.newsletter-form > img.newsletter-quiz-thumbnail div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.newsletter-form > img.newsletter-quiz-thumbnail

Link text (and alternate text for images, when used as links) that is discernible, unique, and focusable improves the navigation experience for screen reader users. Learn how to make links accessible.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
div#primary-nav > nav.tab-bar > section.middle > a.menu-logo div#primary-nav > nav.tab-bar > section.middle > a.menu-logo
div#primary-nav > nav.tab-bar > section.right > a.mobile-signed-out-avatar div#primary-nav > nav.tab-bar > section.right > a.mobile-signed-out-avatar
div.articles-section > div.new-articles > div.new-article-card-container > a.new-article-img-container div.articles-section > div.new-articles > div.new-article-card-container > a.new-article-img-container
div.articles-section > div.new-articles > div.new-article-card-container > a.new-article-img-container div.articles-section > div.new-articles > div.new-article-card-container > a.new-article-img-container
div.editors-pick-articles > div.editor-pick-articles-container > div.editor-pick-card-container > a div.editors-pick-articles > div.editor-pick-articles-container > div.editor-pick-card-container > a
div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a
div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a
div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a
div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a
div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a
div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a.bluesky div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a.bluesky
div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a.tiktok div.newsletter-content > div.newsletter-content-container > div.social-media > a.tiktok

These are opportunities to improve the semantics of the controls in your application. This may enhance the experience for users of assistive technology, like a screen reader.

Tables and lists

Screen readers have a specific way of announcing lists. Ensuring proper list structure aids screen reader output. Learn more about proper list structure.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
Specialties Browse Articles Posters Abstracts Cureus Collections Specialti… ul > li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown > ul.specialties
Resources About About Publishing About Peer Review For Authors & Reviewers … ul > li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown > ul.resources
Channels About About Cureus Channels Cureus Channels Guide Browse Academic … ul > li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown > ul.specialties
Partnerships Cureus Partnerships Offering a variety of advertising and sponso… ul > li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown > ul
Newsroom Browse All News Cureus U Newsletters Highlights Latest Highlighte… ul > li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown > ul.newsroom
About Us About Cureus Cureus provides an equitable, efficient publishing and … ul > li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown > ul
Competitions 🏆 Competitions Generate broad awareness and deliver relevant, pe… ul > li.light-blue-hover > div.mobile-dropdown > ul

Screen readers require list items (`<li>`) to be contained within a parent `<ul>`, `<ol>` or `<menu>` to be announced properly. Learn more about proper list structure.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
Articles div.mobile-dropdown > ul.specialties > div.left-mobile-dropdown > li
Posters div.mobile-dropdown > ul.specialties > div.left-mobile-dropdown > li
Abstracts div.mobile-dropdown > ul.specialties > div.left-mobile-dropdown > li
Cureus Collections div.mobile-dropdown > ul.specialties > div.left-mobile-dropdown > li
About Publishing div.mobile-dropdown > ul.resources > div.left-mobile-dropdown > li
About Peer Review div.mobile-dropdown > ul.resources > div.left-mobile-dropdown > li
About Cureus Channels div.mobile-dropdown > ul.specialties > div.left-mobile-dropdown > li
Cureus Channels Guide div.mobile-dropdown > ul.specialties > div.left-mobile-dropdown > li
Learn more div.mobile-dropdown > ul > div.left-mobile-dropdown > li
Learn more div.mobile-dropdown > ul > div.left-mobile-dropdown > li
Learn more div.mobile-dropdown > ul > div.left-mobile-dropdown > li

These are opportunities to improve the experience of reading tabular or list data using assistive technology, like a screen reader.

○Interactive controls are keyboard focusable
○Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state
○The page has a logical tab order
○Visual order on the page follows DOM order
○User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region
○The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page
○HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation
○Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology
○Custom controls have associated labels
○Custom controls have ARIA roles
●`[aria-*]` attributes match their roles
●`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`
●`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes
●`[role]` values are valid
●`[aria-*]` attributes have valid values
●`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled
●Buttons have an accessible name
●Input buttons have discernible text.
●Form elements have associated labels
●`[user-scalable="no"]` is not used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element and the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is not less than 5.
●ARIA attributes are used as specified for the element's role
●Elements use only permitted ARIA attributes
●Document has a `<title>` element
●Links are distinguishable without relying on color.
●No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0
●Touch targets have sufficient size and spacing.
●Heading elements appear in a sequentially-descending order
●Document has a main landmark.
●Deprecated ARIA roles were not used
●No form fields have multiple labels
●Identical links have the same purpose.
○`[accesskey]` values are unique
○`button`, `link`, and `menuitem` elements have accessible names
○Elements with `role="dialog"` or `role="alertdialog"` have accessible names.
○`[aria-hidden="true"]` elements do not contain focusable descendents
○ARIA input fields have accessible names
○ARIA `meter` elements have accessible names
○ARIA `progressbar` elements have accessible names
○Elements with an ARIA `[role]` that require children to contain a specific `[role]` have all required children.
○`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element
○Elements with the `role=text` attribute do not have focusable descendents.
○ARIA toggle fields have accessible names
○ARIA `tooltip` elements have accessible names
○ARIA `treeitem` elements have accessible names
○The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region
○`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.
○Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements
○ARIA IDs are unique
○`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title
○`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute
○`<html>` element has an `[xml:lang]` attribute with the same base language as the `[lang]` attribute.
○`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text
○The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`
○`<object>` elements have alternate text
○Select elements have associated label elements.
○Skip links are focusable.
○Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.
○`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.
○`[lang]` attributes have a valid value
○`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`
○Tables have different content in the summary attribute and `<caption>`.
○All heading elements contain content.
○Uses ARIA roles only on compatible elements
○Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes that are redundant text.
○Elements with visible text labels have matching accessible names.
○Tables use `<caption>` instead of cells with the `[colspan]` attribute to indicate a caption.
○`<td>` elements in a large `<table>` have one or more table headers.
All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

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