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https://nature.com

Performance

· 17 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
78
GRADE
C
FIX
3
REVIEW
4
PASS
8
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
38
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
100
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
96
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
100
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

3.25 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

5.42 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

1.22 s

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.228

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

3.25 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

12.14 s

Page Load Progression

375 ms
750 ms
1.1 s
1.5 s
1.9 s
2.2 s
2.6 s
3.0 s
Checks
17
8 PASS 4 REVIEW 3 FIX
D
Third-Party Impact
Action
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
FIX
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Warning::
Third-party code accounts for 100% of page weight (1.4 MiB of 1.4 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
100%
First-party Third-party
F
JS Execution Cost
Action
3933ms total JS execution
FIX
3933ms total JS execution
Warning::
https://sgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ: 1051ms CPU time
Warning::
https://www.nature.com/: 913ms CPU time
Warning::
Unattributable: 645ms CPU time
Warning::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 482ms CPU time
Warning::
https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-...: 476ms CPU time
Warning::
Third-party scripts: 3933ms (100% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 49% Style & Layout 17% Other 17% Script Parsing & Compilation 10%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
https://sgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ1051ms889ms130ms3rd
https://www.nature.com/913ms38ms16ms3rd
Unattributable645ms16ms0ms3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604130101/pubads_impl.js482ms375ms104ms3rd
https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-102.js476ms332ms34ms3rd
https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/93dabb8d80079a87fec7bb6f67b807fce90e1688f8957ad7ad152bfd58ea01c2211ms123ms86ms3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js155ms130ms20ms3rd
D
Page Weight Inventory
Action
55 resources · 1.4 MB · 219 KB savings available
FIX
55 resources · 1.4 MB · 219 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 359 KB over 1MB target
Got: 1.4 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~219 KB of savings available
Warning::
54 third-party resources (100% of weight)
55 resources · 1.4 MiB · 54 third-party 358.9 KiB over 1MB target
JavaScript 43% · 597.0 KiB
Image 37% · 511.0 KiB
Font 10% · 137.3 KiB
Other 5% · 63.8 KiB
Document 4% · 50.8 KiB
CSS 2% · 23.1 KiB

~219.2 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 219.2 KiB
B
Page Weight Budget
1.4 MB transferred, 55 requests
REVIEW
1.4 MB transferred, 55 requests
Info::
Page weighs 3.5 MB (1.4 MB transferred)
Warning::
JavaScript is 597 KB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 597 KB
Info::
55 HTTP requests
Info::
Estimated 0.28 g CO2 per page load
1.4 MB / 2.4 MB budget
1.4 MB transferred
55 requests
0.28 g CO2 per page load
JavaScript 597.0 KiB 43%
Images 508.1 KiB 37%
Fonts 137.3 KiB 10%
HTML 49.6 KiB 4%
Other 37.8 KiB 3%
Other 28.0 KiB 2%
CSS 23.1 KiB 2%
Other 1.1 KiB 0%
Other 909 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Under budget

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

C
Image Optimization
Action
30 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
30 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/u... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/lw630/nature-cms/... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w440/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
30 images 508 KB
0 oversized -0 KB
9 legacy format
21 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

C
JS Bundles
Action
8 scripts, 219 KB unused
REVIEW
8 scripts, 219 KB unused
Warning::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 132 KB unused (70%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://sgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ: 67 KB unused (33%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/93d...: 21 KB unused (17%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 219 KB
219 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604130101/pubads_impl.js188 KB132 KB (70%)✓3rd
https://sgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ200 KB67 KB (33%)✓3rd
https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/93dabb8d80079a87fec7bb6f67b807fce90e1688f8957ad7ad152bfd58ea01c2124 KB21 KB (17%)✓3rd
https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.min.js2 KB—✓3rd
https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-102.js45 KB—✓3rd
https://www.nature.com/static/js/journal-homepage-es6-bundle-f21f4cfbb8.js4 KB—✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=10 KB—✓3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js34 KB—✓3rd

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

C
Green Hosting
Action
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
REVIEW

Green Hosting

No green hosting detected

A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
2 fonts (137 KB)
PASS
2 fonts (137 KB)
Info::
2 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

2

137 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 2

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s FCP 3.2 s LCP 5.4 shttps://www.nature.com/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2HardingText-Regular-Web... https://www.nature.com/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2 — 68.0 KiB — 19 ms — font-display: swaphttps://www.nature.com/static/fonts/HardingText-Bold-Web-c37111391c.woff2HardingText-Bold-Web-c3... https://www.nature.com/static/fonts/HardingText-Bold-Web-c37111391c.woff2 — 69.3 KiB — 13 ms — font-display: swap
HardingText-Regular-Web... woff2 swap
Size 68 KB
Load time 19 ms
Start 501 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
HardingText-Bold-Web-c3... woff2 swap
Size 69 KB
Load time 13 ms
Start 703 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)
A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
2 hints, 0 missing preconnects
PASS
2 hints, 0 missing preconnects
Info::
Page uses 2 resource hint(s)

Current Resource Hints

preconnect
1
preload
1
dns-prefetch
—
prefetch
—

2 resource hints configured

A+
Render-Blocking Resources
No render-blocking resources detected
PASS
No render-blocking resources detected
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected in <head>
A+
Third-Party Resources
No third-party resources detected
PASS
No third-party resources detected
A
HTTP Caching
max-age=3600 (1 hour)
PASS
max-age=3600 (1 hour)
Info::
Cache-Control header is set
Got: max-age=3600
Info::
Effective TTL: 1 hour (max-age=3600)
Info::
No ETag or Last-Modified header
Conditional requests (304 Not Modified) are not possible without validators.
Cache-Control

max-age=3600

DirectiveValueMeaning
max-age3600Cache for 1 hour
Effective TTL: 3600 seconds
Network Waterfall
55 requests over 2456ms
INFO
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s FCP 3.2 s LCP 5.4 shttps://nature.com// https://nature.com/ — 301 — 244 B — 10 ms — h2https://www.nature.com/www.nature.com/ https://www.nature.com/ — 303 — 806 B — 87 ms — h2https://idp.nature.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=grover&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnatureidp.nature.com/authorize?response_t... https://idp.nature.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=grover&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature — 302 — 695 B — 45 ms — h2https://idp.nature.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature&code=f3675db5-c876-442a-b111-bf424674ad31idp.nature.com/transit?redirect_uri... https://idp.nature.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature&code=f3675db5-c876-442a-b111-bf424674ad31 — 302 — 227 B — 25 ms — h2https://www.nature.com/naturewww.nature.com/nature https://www.nature.com/nature — 301 — 390 B — 135 ms — h3https://www.nature.com/www.nature.com/ https://www.nature.com/ — 200 — 49.6 KiB — 171 ms — h3https://www.nature.com/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2www.nature.com/static/fonts/Harding... https://www.nature.com/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2 — 200 — 68.0 KiB — 19 ms — h3https://www.nature.com/static/css/grade-c-5267398a1c.csswww.nature.com/static/css/grade-c-5... https://www.nature.com/static/css/grade-c-5267398a1c.css — 200 — 1.7 KiB — 9 ms — h3https://www.nature.com/static/css/homepage/homepage-150-nature-branded-926b0b24b7.csswww.nature.com/static/css/homepage/... https://www.nature.com/static/css/homepage/homepage-150-nature-branded-926b0b24b7.css — 200 — 21.4 KiB — 13 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/nature/header-86f1267ea01eccd46b530284be10585e.svgmedia.springernature.com/full/natur... https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/nature/header-86f1267ea01eccd46b530284be10585e.svg — 200 — 1.6 KiB — 32 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w735h400/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/2913/top_item_image/2026-04-15_NEWS_dubious-database_THUMB-be340225bdacc485cd6951c1a00df3a1.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w735h400/n... https://media.springernature.com/w735h400/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/2913/top_item_image/2026-04-15_NEWS_dubious-database_THUMB-be340225bdacc485cd6951c1a00df3a1.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 82.5 KiB — 110 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01204-5/d41586-026-01204-5_52289744.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01204-5/d41586-026-01204-5_52289744.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 12.9 KiB — 51 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01099-2/d41586-026-01099-2_52265642.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01099-2/d41586-026-01099-2_52265642.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 12.3 KiB — 52 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10381-2/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10381_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/s... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10381-2/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10381_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp — 200 — 11.2 KiB — 47 ms — h2https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.min.jsverify.nature.com/verify/nature.min... https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.min.js — 200 — 2.5 KiB — 112 ms — h2https://www.nature.com/static/manifest.jsonwww.nature.com/static/manifest.json https://www.nature.com/static/manifest.json — 200 — 909 B — 39 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01248-7/d41586-026-01248-7_17300602.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01248-7/d41586-026-01248-7_17300602.png?as=webp — 200 — 4.7 KiB — 51 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w440/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/41586/652/8110?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w440/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w440/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/41586/652/8110?as=webp — 200 — 46.8 KiB — 80 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00509-9/d41586-026-00509-9_52282646.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w485h264/m... https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00509-9/d41586-026-00509-9_52282646.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 33.2 KiB — 79 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01236-x/d41586-026-01236-x_52293008.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01236-x/d41586-026-01236-x_52293008.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 11.3 KiB — 69 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01197-1/d41586-026-01197-1_52266098.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01197-1/d41586-026-01197-1_52266098.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 5.4 KiB — 87 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01102-w/d41586-026-01102-w_52266084.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01102-w/d41586-026-01102-w_52266084.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 20.9 KiB — 69 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01195-3/d41586-026-01195-3_52283722.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01195-3/d41586-026-01195-3_52283722.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 18.4 KiB — 88 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01224-1/d41586-026-01224-1_52292298.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01224-1/d41586-026-01224-1_52292298.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 17.3 KiB — 88 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00697-4/d41586-026-00697-4_52143416.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00697-4/d41586-026-00697-4_52143416.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 9.3 KiB — 85 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00907-z/d41586-026-00907-z_52283658.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w485h264/m... https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00907-z/d41586-026-00907-z_52283658.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 14.7 KiB — 89 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01181-9/d41586-026-01181-9_52289154.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01181-9/d41586-026-01181-9_52289154.png?as=webp — 200 — 3.6 KiB — 84 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01189-1/d41586-026-01189-1_52282572.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01189-1/d41586-026-01189-1_52282572.png?as=webp — 200 — 6.1 KiB — 86 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00910-4/d41586-026-00910-4_52289410.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00910-4/d41586-026-00910-4_52289410.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 6.8 KiB — 86 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00906-0/d41586-026-00906-0_52283680.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00906-0/d41586-026-00906-0_52283680.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 5.3 KiB — 86 ms — h3
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s FCP 3.2 s LCP 5.4 shttps://nature.com// https://nature.com/ — 301 — 244 B — 10 ms — h2https://www.nature.com/www.nature.com/ https://www.nature.com/ — 303 — 806 B — 87 ms — h2https://idp.nature.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=grover&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnatureidp.nature.com/authorize?response_t... https://idp.nature.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=grover&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature — 302 — 695 B — 45 ms — h2https://idp.nature.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature&code=f3675db5-c876-442a-b111-bf424674ad31idp.nature.com/transit?redirect_uri... https://idp.nature.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature&code=f3675db5-c876-442a-b111-bf424674ad31 — 302 — 227 B — 25 ms — h2https://www.nature.com/naturewww.nature.com/nature https://www.nature.com/nature — 301 — 390 B — 135 ms — h3https://www.nature.com/www.nature.com/ https://www.nature.com/ — 200 — 49.6 KiB — 171 ms — h3https://www.nature.com/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2www.nature.com/static/fonts/Harding... https://www.nature.com/static/fonts/HardingText-Regular-Web-cecd90984f.woff2 — 200 — 68.0 KiB — 19 ms — h3https://www.nature.com/static/css/grade-c-5267398a1c.csswww.nature.com/static/css/grade-c-5... https://www.nature.com/static/css/grade-c-5267398a1c.css — 200 — 1.7 KiB — 9 ms — h3https://www.nature.com/static/css/homepage/homepage-150-nature-branded-926b0b24b7.csswww.nature.com/static/css/homepage/... https://www.nature.com/static/css/homepage/homepage-150-nature-branded-926b0b24b7.css — 200 — 21.4 KiB — 13 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/nature/header-86f1267ea01eccd46b530284be10585e.svgmedia.springernature.com/full/natur... https://media.springernature.com/full/nature-cms/uploads/product/nature/header-86f1267ea01eccd46b530284be10585e.svg — 200 — 1.6 KiB — 32 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w735h400/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/2913/top_item_image/2026-04-15_NEWS_dubious-database_THUMB-be340225bdacc485cd6951c1a00df3a1.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w735h400/n... https://media.springernature.com/w735h400/nature-cms/uploads/cms/pages/2913/top_item_image/2026-04-15_NEWS_dubious-database_THUMB-be340225bdacc485cd6951c1a00df3a1.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 82.5 KiB — 110 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01204-5/d41586-026-01204-5_52289744.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01204-5/d41586-026-01204-5_52289744.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 12.9 KiB — 51 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01099-2/d41586-026-01099-2_52265642.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01099-2/d41586-026-01099-2_52265642.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 12.3 KiB — 52 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10381-2/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10381_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/s... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10381-2/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10381_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp — 200 — 11.2 KiB — 47 ms — h2https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.min.jsverify.nature.com/verify/nature.min... https://verify.nature.com/verify/nature.min.js — 200 — 2.5 KiB — 112 ms — h2https://www.nature.com/static/manifest.jsonwww.nature.com/static/manifest.json https://www.nature.com/static/manifest.json — 200 — 909 B — 39 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01248-7/d41586-026-01248-7_17300602.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01248-7/d41586-026-01248-7_17300602.png?as=webp — 200 — 4.7 KiB — 51 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w440/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/41586/652/8110?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w440/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w440/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/41586/652/8110?as=webp — 200 — 46.8 KiB — 80 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00509-9/d41586-026-00509-9_52282646.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w485h264/m... https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00509-9/d41586-026-00509-9_52282646.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 33.2 KiB — 79 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01236-x/d41586-026-01236-x_52293008.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01236-x/d41586-026-01236-x_52293008.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 11.3 KiB — 69 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01197-1/d41586-026-01197-1_52266098.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01197-1/d41586-026-01197-1_52266098.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 5.4 KiB — 87 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01102-w/d41586-026-01102-w_52266084.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01102-w/d41586-026-01102-w_52266084.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 20.9 KiB — 69 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01195-3/d41586-026-01195-3_52283722.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01195-3/d41586-026-01195-3_52283722.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 18.4 KiB — 88 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01224-1/d41586-026-01224-1_52292298.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01224-1/d41586-026-01224-1_52292298.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 17.3 KiB — 88 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00697-4/d41586-026-00697-4_52143416.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00697-4/d41586-026-00697-4_52143416.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 9.3 KiB — 85 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00907-z/d41586-026-00907-z_52283658.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w485h264/m... https://media.springernature.com/w485h264/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00907-z/d41586-026-00907-z_52283658.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 14.7 KiB — 89 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01181-9/d41586-026-01181-9_52289154.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01181-9/d41586-026-01181-9_52289154.png?as=webp — 200 — 3.6 KiB — 84 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01189-1/d41586-026-01189-1_52282572.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-01189-1/d41586-026-01189-1_52282572.png?as=webp — 200 — 6.1 KiB — 86 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00910-4/d41586-026-00910-4_52289410.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00910-4/d41586-026-00910-4_52289410.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 6.8 KiB — 86 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00906-0/d41586-026-00906-0_52283680.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/m... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/magazine-assets/d41586-026-00906-0/d41586-026-00906-0_52283680.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 5.3 KiB — 86 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10379-w/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10379_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/s... https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10379-w/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10379_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp — 200 — 7.5 KiB — 87 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w290h158/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-026-10362-5/MediaObjects/41586_2026_10362_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w290h158/s... 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https://badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=650&types=mmmtfuuo — 200 — 16.4 KiB — 103 ms — h2https://badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=510&types=mbvrttuobadges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score... https://badges.altmetric.com/?size=64&score=510&types=mbvrttuo — 200 — 18.2 KiB — 93 ms — h2https://www.nature.com/static/images/logos/nature-careers-logo-3c89275050.svgwww.nature.com/static/images/logos/... https://www.nature.com/static/images/logos/nature-careers-logo-3c89275050.svg — 200 — 1.9 KiB — 66 ms — h3https://www.nature.com/static/images/logos/nature-briefing-logo-n150-white-afc2e6ccc7.svgwww.nature.com/static/images/logos/... https://www.nature.com/static/images/logos/nature-briefing-logo-n150-white-afc2e6ccc7.svg — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 57 ms — h3https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-102.jscmp.nature.com/production_live/en/c... https://cmp.nature.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-8-102.js — 200 — 45.5 KiB — 102 ms — h2https://www.nature.com/static/js/journal-homepage-es6-bundle-f21f4cfbb8.jswww.nature.com/static/js/journal-ho... https://www.nature.com/static/js/journal-homepage-es6-bundle-f21f4cfbb8.js — 200 — 3.6 KiB — 105 ms — h3data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg height='16' viewBox='0 0 16 16' width='16' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/…www.w3.org/2000/… data:image/svg+xml,%3Csvg height='16' viewBox='0 0 16 16' width='16' xmlns='http://www.w3.org/2000/… — 200 — 0 B — 0 ms — datahttps://www.nature.com/static/fonts/HardingText-Bold-Web-c37111391c.woff2www.nature.com/static/fonts/Harding... https://www.nature.com/static/fonts/HardingText-Bold-Web-c37111391c.woff2 — 200 — 69.3 KiB — 13 ms — h3https://verify.nature.com/verify/statusverify.nature.com/verify/status https://verify.nature.com/verify/status — 200 — 536 B — 21 ms — h3https://cmp.nature.com/vendor-list.jsoncmp.nature.com/vendor-list.json https://cmp.nature.com/vendor-list.json — 200 — 37.8 KiB — 11 ms — h2https://sgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXS... https://sgtm.nature.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 199.7 KiB — 95 ms — h2https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1 — 200 — 392 B — 20 ms — h2https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.nature.com%252F&dr=&dt=Nature&sr=412x823&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp... https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Fwww.nature.com%252F&dr=&dt=Nature&sr=412x823&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 270 B — 71 ms — h2https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.jspagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/j... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js — 200 — 33.8 KiB — 44 ms — h3https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/93dabb8d80079a87fec7bb6f67b807fce90e1688f8957ad7ad152bfd58ea01c2scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scri... https://scripts.webcontentassessor.com/scripts/93dabb8d80079a87fec7bb6f67b807fce90e1688f8957ad7ad152bfd58ea01c2 — 200 — 123.9 KiB — 30 ms — h2https://idp.nature.com/exposed-detailsidp.nature.com/exposed-details https://idp.nature.com/exposed-details — 200 — 615 B — 38 ms — h3https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604130101/pubads_impl.jspagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604130101/pubads_impl.js — 200 — 187.6 KiB — 21 ms — h3https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/dict/m202604160101/gptpagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/dict/m202604160101/gpt — 200 — 22.8 KiB — 10 ms — h3https://www.nature.com/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon.icowww.nature.com/static/images/favico... https://www.nature.com/static/images/favicons/nature/favicon.ico — 200 — 2.9 KiB — 5 ms — h3https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/ping?e=1pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/ping?e=1 — 204 — 20 B — 12 ms — h3
HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
100% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 3933ms · 640KB · €43/mo
sgtm.nature.com
Other
Costly
Execution 1051ms
Transfer 200 KB
Unused 33%
Monthly Cost €11/mo
www.nature.com
Other
Costly
Execution 913ms
Transfer 50 KB
Monthly Cost €10/mo
Unattributable
Other
Costly
Execution 645ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost €7/mo
pagead2.googlesyndication.com
Other
Costly
Execution 482ms
Transfer 188 KB
Unused 70%
Monthly Cost €5/mo
cmp.nature.com
Other
Costly
Execution 476ms
Transfer 45 KB
Monthly Cost €5/mo
scripts.webcontentassessor.com
Other
Costly
Execution 211ms
Transfer 124 KB
Unused 17%
Monthly Cost €2/mo
pagead2.googlesyndication.com
Other
Optional
Execution 155ms
Transfer 34 KB
Monthly Cost €2/mo

These scripts may cost more than they're worth

  • sgtm.nature.com adds 1051ms and costs ~€11/month
  • www.nature.com adds 913ms and costs ~€10/month
  • Unattributable adds 645ms and costs ~€7/month
  • pagead2.googlesyndication.com adds 482ms and costs ~€5/month
  • cmp.nature.com adds 476ms and costs ~€5/month
  • scripts.webcontentassessor.com adds 211ms and costs ~€2/month

100% of JavaScript execution time is spent on third-party scripts. Consider auditing which scripts are essential.

Why this matters

When third-party JS execution time exceeds your own, performance gains from frontend work are capped by code you don't own.

Learn more ▾

Every millisecond of third-party JS competes with your own for main-thread time. If their share is bigger than yours, optimization on your code base barely moves the needle. Audit, defer, or remove third-parties before further frontend optimization. Use Lighthouse's third-party audit to identify the worst offenders.

Source: web.dev

sgtm.nature.com takes 1051ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

www.nature.com takes 913ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

Unattributable takes 645ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

pagead2.googlesyndication.com takes 482ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

70% of pagead2.googlesyndication.com's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

cmp.nature.com takes 476ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

scripts.webcontentassessor.com takes 211ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

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