Lighthouse Mobile

· 0 checks — Mobile Lighthouse audit -- Performance, Accessibility, Best Practices, and SEO category breakdown.

SCORE

GRADE

FIX

REVIEW

PASS

INFO

Detailed Report

Audit breakdown by category with detailed findings.

Performance

Insights

Remove large, duplicate JavaScript modules from bundles to reduce unnecessary bytes consumed by network activity.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Polyfills and transforms enable older browsers to use new JavaScript features. However, many aren't necessary for modern browsers. Consider modifying your JavaScript build process to not transpile Baseline features, unless you know you must support older browsers. Learn why most sites can deploy ES6+ code without transpiling

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

3rd party code can significantly impact load performance. Reduce and defer loading of 3rd party code to prioritize your page's content.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

A long cache lifetime can speed up repeat visits to your page. Learn more about caching.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Request	Cache TTL	Transfer Size
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/x-logo-black.png	0.0 ms	100.2 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/logo.svg	0.0 ms	20.2 KiB
www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js	7200.0 s	20.9 KiB
use.typekit.net/egr5vhm.js	600.0 s	7.3 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/fb_icon.svg	0.0 ms	2.2 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/bluesky_logo.svg	0.0 ms	1.0 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/search-0.png	0.0 ms	634 B
/p.gif?s=1&k=egr5vhm&ht=tk&h=www.aeaweb.org&f=139.140.171...	604800.0 s	206 B

Layout shifts occur when elements move absent any user interaction. Investigate the causes of layout shifts, such as elements being added, removed, or their fonts changing as the page loads.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

headings: [map[key:node label:Element subItemsHeading:map[key:extra] valueType:node] map[granularity:0.001 key:score label:Layout shift score subItemsHeading:map[key:cause valueType:text] valueType:numeric]]

items: [map[node:map[type:text value:Total] score:0.15521799999999997] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:1096 height:393 left:0 right:412 top:704 width:412] lhId:page-4-SECTION nodeLabel:JOE Network The AEA's JOE Network is targeted to the comprehensive needs of em… path:5,HTML,2,BODY,4,MAIN,0,DIV,0,SECTION,1,SECTION selector:main.main-content > div.container > section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.career-center snippet:<section class="career-center"> type:node] score:0.110619 subItems:map[items:[map[cause:Unsized image element extra:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:86 height:67 left:19 right:218 top:19 width:199] lhId:page-8-IMG nodeLabel:American Economic Association path:5,HTML,2,BODY,3,HEADER,0,DIV,0,H1,0,A,0,IMG selector:div.container > h1.site-name > a > img snippet:<img alt="American Economic Association" src="/assets/afc4f66/images/logo.svg"> type:node]]] type:subitems]] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:823 height:246 left:0 right:412 top:577 width:412] lhId:page-7-DIV nodeLabel:This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… path:5,HTML,2,BODY,0,DIV selector:body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner snippet:<div class="cookie-legal-banner" style="display: block;"> type:node] score:0.002392] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:823 height:246 left:0 right:412 top:577 width:412] lhId:page-7-DIV nodeLabel:This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… path:5,HTML,2,BODY,0,DIV selector:body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner snippet:<div class="cookie-legal-banner" style="display: block;"> type:node] score:0.002303] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:823 height:246 left:0 right:412 top:577 width:412] lhId:page-7-DIV nodeLabel:This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… path:5,HTML,2,BODY,0,DIV selector:body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner snippet:<div class="cookie-legal-banner" style="display: block;"> type:node] score:0.002274] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:823 height:246 left:0 right:412 top:577 width:412] lhId:page-7-DIV nodeLabel:This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… path:5,HTML,2,BODY,0,DIV selector:body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner snippet:<div class="cookie-legal-banner" style="display: block;"> type:node] score:0.002272]]

Your first network request is the most important. Reduce its latency by avoiding redirects, ensuring a fast server response, and enabling text compression.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Consider setting font-display to swap or optional to ensure text is consistently visible. swap can be further optimized to mitigate layout shifts with font metric overrides.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Est Savings
/af/c87723/00000000000000003b9aded9/27/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	45 ms
/af/4118d1/000000000000000077359db7/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	45 ms
/af/c9b473/000000000000000077359dca/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	45 ms
/af/e3232d/00000000000000003b9adeee/27/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	40 ms
/af/8e64a6/00000000000000003b9adee6/27/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	40 ms
/af/c993cf/00000000000000007735ab0c/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	35 ms
/af/eae76c/00000000000000007735ab13/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	35 ms
/af/cfd773/00000000000000007735ab07/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	30 ms
/af/e487ca/00000000000000007735ab09/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	30 ms
/af/11da74/00000000000000007758cf8f/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	25 ms
/af/efe4a5/00000000000000007735e609/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	20 ms
/af/154cda/00000000000000007735e601/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	15 ms
/af/825839/00000000000000003b9aded8/27/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	10 ms
/af/2555e1/00000000000000007735e603/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	10 ms
/af/474f13/00000000000000007758cf7d/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	10 ms
/af/89f367/00000000000000003b9adef0/27/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	5.0 ms
/af/879409/000000000000000077359da5/30/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	5.0 ms
/af/d8ed60/00000000000000003b9adee5/27/l?primer=7cdcb44be...	5.0 ms

A forced reflow occurs when JavaScript queries geometric properties (such as offsetWidth) after styles have been invalidated by a change to the DOM state. This can result in poor performance. Learn more about forced reflows and possible mitigations.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

headings: [map[key:source label:Top function call valueType:source-location] map[granularity:1 key:reflowTime label:Total reflow time valueType:ms]]

items: [map[reflowTime:23.472 source:map[column:27323 line:2 type:source-location url:https://www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js urlProvider:network]]]

headings: [map[key:source label:Source valueType:source-location] map[granularity:1 key:reflowTime label:Total reflow time valueType:ms]]

items: [map[reflowTime:14.045 source:map[type:text value:[unattributed]]] map[reflowTime:19.444 source:map[column:79427 line:1 type:source-location url:https://www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:0.401 source:map[column:50335 line:1 type:source-location url:https://www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:0.265 source:map[column:50393 line:1 type:source-location url:https://www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:0.267 source:map[column:50457 line:1 type:source-location url:https://www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:2.469 source:map[column:49615 line:1 type:source-location url:https://www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:0.423 source:map[column:51395 line:1 type:source-location url:https://www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js urlProvider:network]] map[reflowTime:0.203 source:map[column:49637 line:1 type:source-location url:https://www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js urlProvider:network]]]

Reducing the download time of images can improve the perceived load time of the page and LCP. Learn more about optimizing image size

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

	URL	Resource Size	Est Savings
section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail`	www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=24467	528.5 KiB	480.5 KiB
section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.lead-homepage-item-v3 > div.imagery-container > img.lead-image `section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.lead-homepage-item-v3 > div.imagery-container > img.lead-image`	www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=1180	359.1 KiB	317.6 KiB
section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail`	www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=24456	214.4 KiB	185.9 KiB
section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon `section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon`	www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/x-logo-black.png	99.9 KiB	99.9 KiB

Optimize LCP by making the LCP image discoverable from the HTML immediately, and avoiding lazy-loading

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

lhId: page-1-IMG

nodeLabel: section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.lead-homepage-item-v3 > div.imagery-container > img.lead-image

path: 5,HTML,2,BODY,4,MAIN,0,DIV,0,SECTION,0,SECTION,0,DIV,0,IMG

selector: section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.lead-homepage-item-v3 > div.imagery-container > img.lead-image

snippet: <img class="lead-image" src="/content/file?id=1180">

HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 offer many benefits over HTTP/1.1, such as multiplexing. Learn more about using modern HTTP.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Protocol
www.aeaweb.org/	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/AeaWebAsset-min.css	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/bd71bc65/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/glyphicons-halflings-v2.css	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/glyphicons.css	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/2be257a9/yii.js	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/javascripts/aeaweb.min.js	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/bd71bc65/jquery-ui.min.js	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/javascripts/AeaWebPluginAsset-min.js	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/dc034874/js/SecureCsrfAsset-min.js	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/83e11b2c/js/QueClientAsset-min.js	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/db7e847d/js/legal-cookie.js	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/logo.svg	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/print.css	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=1180	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=24467	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=24456	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/x-logo-black.png	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/bluesky_logo.svg	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/fb_icon.svg	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/search-0.png	http/1.1
www.aeaweb.org/favicon.ico	http/1.1

Avoid chaining critical requests by reducing the length of chains, reducing the download size of resources, or deferring the download of unnecessary resources to improve page load.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

description: [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints help the browser establish a connection earlier in the page load, saving time when the first request for that origin is made. The following are the origins that the page preconnected to.

title: Preconnected origins

value: no origins were preconnected

description: Add [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints to your most important origins, but try to use no more than 4.

title: Preconnect candidates

value: No additional origins are good candidates for preconnecting

Requests are blocking the page's initial render, which may delay LCP. Deferring or inlining can move these network requests out of the critical path.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Transfer Size	Duration
www.aeaweb.org/assets/83e11b2c/js/QueClientAsset-min.js	8.5 KiB	1.1 s
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/javascripts/AeaWebPluginAsset-min.js	64.5 KiB	3.6 s
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/javascripts/aeaweb.min.js	68.3 KiB	3.9 s
www.aeaweb.org/assets/dc034874/js/SecureCsrfAsset-min.js	3.5 KiB	837 ms
www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js	85.9 KiB	4.4 s
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/AeaWebAsset-min.css	418.0 KiB	7.5 s
www.aeaweb.org/assets/2be257a9/yii.js	20.9 KiB	1.9 s
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/glyphicons.css	17.9 KiB	1.4 s
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/glyphicons-halflings-v2.css	16.5 KiB	1.1 s
www.aeaweb.org/assets/bd71bc65/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css	36.2 KiB	2.5 s
use.typekit.net/egr5vhm.js	7.3 KiB	1.1 s

These insights are also available in the Chrome DevTools Performance Panel - record a trace to view more detailed information.

Redirects introduce additional delays before the page can be loaded. Learn how to avoid page redirects.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 1.8 s

URL	Time Spent
aeaweb.org/	1.1 s
www.aeaweb.org/	630 ms
www.aeaweb.org/	0.0 ms

These are the largest layout shifts observed on the page. Each table item represents a single layout shift, and shows the element that shifted the most. Below each item are possible root causes that led to the layout shift. Some of these layout shifts may not be included in the CLS metric value due to windowing. Learn how to improve CLS

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Element	Layout shift score
JOE Network The AEA's JOE Network is targeted to the comprehensive needs of em… `main.main-content > div.container > section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.career-center`	0.111
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002
This website uses cookies. By clicking the "Accept" button or continuing to br… `body.home > div.cookie-legal-banner`	0.002

Time to Interactive is the amount of time it takes for the page to become fully interactive. Learn more about the Time to Interactive metric.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

TTI

The maximum potential First Input Delay that your users could experience is the duration of the longest task. Learn more about the Maximum Potential First Input Delay metric.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Diagnostics

Minifying CSS files can reduce network payload sizes. Learn how to minify CSS.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 10 ms 10.3 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
www.aeaweb.org/assets/bd71bc65/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css	36.2 KiB	5.4 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/glyphicons.css	17.9 KiB	2.7 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/glyphicons-halflings-v2.css	16.5 KiB	2.2 KiB

Minifying JavaScript files can reduce payload sizes and script parse time. Learn how to minify JavaScript.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 60 ms 12.9 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
www.aeaweb.org/assets/2be257a9/yii.js	20.5 KiB	12.9 KiB

Reduce unused rules from stylesheets and defer CSS not used for above-the-fold content to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused CSS.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 3.0 s 465.9 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/AeaWebAsset-min.css	417.6 KiB	396.5 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/bd71bc65/themes/smoothness/jquery-ui.css	35.8 KiB	35.8 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/glyphicons.css	17.5 KiB	17.5 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/glyphicons-halflings-v2.css	16.1 KiB	16.1 KiB

Reduce unused JavaScript and defer loading scripts until they are required to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused JavaScript.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 2.9 s 484.5 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
www.aeaweb.org/assets/bd71bc65/jquery-ui.min.js	249.1 KiB	218.1 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-96K6S9DJLT&cx=c&gtm=4e64h1h1	152.7 KiB	65.1 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-38835597-1	116.6 KiB	62.9 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/javascripts/AeaWebPluginAsset-min.js	64.1 KiB	55.6 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/javascripts/aeaweb.min.js	67.9 KiB	45.6 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js	85.5 KiB	37.2 KiB

Consider reducing the time spent parsing, compiling and executing JS. You may find delivering smaller JS payloads helps with this. Learn how to minimize main-thread work

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Category	Time Spent
Script Evaluation	912 ms
Other	496 ms
Style & Layout	460 ms
Script Parsing & Compilation	192 ms
Rendering	110 ms
Parse HTML & CSS	78 ms

Many navigations are performed by going back to a previous page, or forwards again. The back/forward cache (bfcache) can speed up these return navigations. Learn more about the bfcache

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failure reason	Failure type
The page has an unload handler in the main frame.	Actionable
Pages with cache-control:no-store header cannot enter back/forward cache.	Actionable
Pages whose main resource has cache-control:no-store cannot enter back/forward cache.	Not actionable
Back/forward cache is disabled because some JavaScript network request received resource with Cache-Control: no-store header.	Not actionable

Large network payloads cost users real money and are highly correlated with long load times. Learn how to reduce payload sizes.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Transfer Size
www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=24467	529.6 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/stylesheets/AeaWebAsset-min.css	418.0 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=1180	360.0 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/bd71bc65/jquery-ui.min.js	249.5 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=24456	215.1 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-96K6S9DJLT&cx=c&gtm=4e64h1h1	152.8 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-38835597-1	116.9 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/x-logo-black.png	100.2 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js	85.9 KiB
www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/javascripts/aeaweb.min.js	68.3 KiB

Set an explicit width and height on image elements to reduce layout shifts and improve CLS. Learn how to set image dimensions

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

	URL
section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.lead-homepage-item-v3 > div.imagery-container > img.lead-image `section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.lead-homepage-item-v3 > div.imagery-container > img.lead-image`	www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=1180
section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail`	www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=24467
section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail`	www.aeaweb.org/content/file?id=24456
American Economic Association `div.container > h1.site-name > a > img`	www.aeaweb.org/assets/afc4f66/images/logo.svg

More information about the performance of your application. These numbers don't directly affect the Performance score.

●Optimize DOM size

●LCP breakdown

●Optimize viewport for mobile

●User Timing marks and measures 5 user timings

●JavaScript execution time 1.0 s

●Avoid long main-thread tasks 11 long tasks found

●Network Requests

●Network Round Trip Times 130 ms

●Server Backend Latencies 80 ms

●Tasks

●Diagnostics

●Metrics

●Screenshot Thumbnails

●Final Screenshot

●Script Treemap Data

●Resources Summary

●Initial server response time was short Root document took 230 ms

○INP breakdown

○Avoid non-composited animations

Accessibility

These checks highlight opportunities to improve the accessibility of your web app. Automatic detection can only detect a subset of issues and does not guarantee the accessibility of your web app, so manual testing is also encouraged.

Contrast

Low-contrast text is difficult or impossible for many users to read. Learn how to provide sufficient color contrast.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS FEATURED CHART `section.news-item-group > article.news-item > section.news-text > span.news-type`
April 15, 2026 `section.news-item-group > article.news-item > section.news-text > div.date`
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS PODCAST `section.news-item-group > article.news-item > section.news-text > span.news-type`
April 9, 2026 `section.news-item-group > article.news-item > section.news-text > div.date`
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS FEATURED CHART `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > span.news-type`
April 2, 2026 `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > div.date`
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS ARTICLE `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > span.news-type`
March 27, 2026 `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > div.date`
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS FEATURED CHART `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > span.news-type`
March 19, 2026 `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > div.date`
Sule Alan, Elif Kubilay `div.featured-group > article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.author`
American Economic Review `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.journal > a`
Vol. 115, No. 2, February 2025 `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.volume > a`
Russell Weinstein `div.featured-group > article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.author`
American Economic Journal: Economic Policy `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.journal > a`
Vol. 17, No. 1, February 2025 `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.volume > a`
Dominic A. Smith, Sergio Ocampo `div.secondary-group > article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.author`
American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.journal > a`
Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2025 `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.volume > a`
Raphael Calel, Jonathan Colmer, Antoine Dechezleprêtre, Matthieu Glachant `div.secondary-group > article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.author`
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.journal > a`
Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2025 `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.volume > a`
Vanessa Alviarez, Keith Head, Thierry Mayer `div.secondary-group > article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.author`
American Economic Journal: Microeconomics `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.journal > a`
Vol. 17, No. 1, February 2025 `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.volume > a`

These are opportunities to improve the legibility of your content.

Names and labels

Informative elements should aim for short, descriptive alternate text. Decorative elements can be ignored with an empty alt attribute. Learn more about the `alt` attribute.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.lead-homepage-item-v3 > div.imagery-container > img.lead-image `section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.lead-homepage-item-v3 > div.imagery-container > img.lead-image`
section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail`
section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail`
section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon `section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon`
section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon `section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon`
section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon `section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon`

These are opportunities to improve the semantics of the controls in your application. This may enhance the experience for users of assistive technology, like a screen reader.

Best practices

Touch targets with sufficient size and spacing help users who may have difficulty targeting small controls to activate the targets. Learn more about touch targets.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
American Economic Review `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.journal > a`
Vol. 115, No. 2, February 2025 `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.volume > a`
Vol. 17, No. 1, February 2025 `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.volume > a`
Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2025 `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.volume > a`
Vol. 17, No. 1, January 2025 `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.volume > a`
Vol. 17, No. 1, February 2025 `article.journal-article > ul.attribution > li.volume > a`
Terms of Use `section.legal > ul > li.footer-terms > a`

These items highlight common accessibility best practices.

○Interactive controls are keyboard focusable

○Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state

○The page has a logical tab order

○Visual order on the page follows DOM order

○User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region

○The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page

○HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation

○Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology

○Custom controls have associated labels

○Custom controls have ARIA roles

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`

●`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes

●`[role]` values are valid

●Buttons have an accessible name

●Input buttons have discernible text.

●Form elements have associated labels

●`[user-scalable="no"]` is not used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element and the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is not less than 5.

●Document has a `<title>` element

●`<html>` element has a `[lang]` attribute

●`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute

●Links are distinguishable without relying on color.

●Links have a discernible name

●Lists contain only `<li>` elements and script supporting elements (`<script>` and `<template>`).

●List items (`<li>`) are contained within `<ul>`, `<ol>` or `<menu>` parent elements

●Heading elements appear in a sequentially-descending order

●Document has a main landmark.

●Deprecated ARIA roles were not used

●Identical links have the same purpose.

○`[accesskey]` values are unique

○`[aria-*]` attributes match their roles

○`button`, `link`, and `menuitem` elements have accessible names

○ARIA attributes are used as specified for the element's role

○Elements with `role="dialog"` or `role="alertdialog"` have accessible names.

○`[aria-hidden="true"]` elements do not contain focusable descendents

○ARIA input fields have accessible names

○ARIA `meter` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `progressbar` elements have accessible names

○Elements use only permitted ARIA attributes

○Elements with an ARIA `[role]` that require children to contain a specific `[role]` have all required children.

○`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element

○Elements with the `role=text` attribute do not have focusable descendents.

○ARIA toggle fields have accessible names

○ARIA `tooltip` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `treeitem` elements have accessible names

○`[aria-*]` attributes have valid values

○`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled

○The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region

○`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.

○Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements

○ARIA IDs are unique

○No form fields have multiple labels

○`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title

○`<html>` element has an `[xml:lang]` attribute with the same base language as the `[lang]` attribute.

○`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text

○The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`

○`<object>` elements have alternate text

○Select elements have associated label elements.

○Skip links are focusable.

○No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0

○Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.

○`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.

○`[lang]` attributes have a valid value

○`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`

○Tables have different content in the summary attribute and `<caption>`.

○All heading elements contain content.

○Uses ARIA roles only on compatible elements

○Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes that are redundant text.

○Elements with visible text labels have matching accessible names.

○Tables use `<caption>` instead of cells with the `[colspan]` attribute to indicate a caption.

○`<td>` elements in a large `<table>` have one or more table headers.

Best Practices

Trust and Safety

All sites should be protected with HTTPS, even ones that don't handle sensitive data. This includes avoiding mixed content, where some resources are loaded over HTTP despite the initial request being served over HTTPS. HTTPS prevents intruders from tampering with or passively listening in on the communications between your app and your users, and is a prerequisite for HTTP/2 and many new web platform APIs. Learn more about HTTPS.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Insecure URL	Request Resolution
www.aeaweb.org/	Allowed

General

Deprecated APIs will eventually be removed from the browser. Learn more about deprecated APIs.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Deprecation / Warning	Source
Unload event listeners are deprecated and will be removed.	www.aeaweb.org/assets/ce4791d1/jquery.min.js line 1, col 38476

●Avoids third-party cookies

●Allows users to paste into input fields

●Avoids requesting the geolocation permission on page load

●Avoids requesting the notification permission on page load

●Displays images with correct aspect ratio

●Serves images with appropriate resolution

●Page has the HTML doctype

●Properly defines charset

●No browser errors logged to the console

●No issues in the `Issues` panel in Chrome Devtools

●Ensure CSP is effective against XSS attacks

●Use a strong HSTS policy

●Ensure proper origin isolation with COOP

●Mitigate DOM-based XSS with Trusted Types

●Detected JavaScript libraries

●Page has valid source maps

○Redirects HTTP traffic to HTTPS

○Mitigate clickjacking with XFO or CSP

SEO

These checks ensure that your page is following basic search engine optimization advice. There are many additional factors Lighthouse does not score here that may affect your search ranking, including performance on Core Web Vitals. Learn more about Google Search Essentials.

Content Best Practices

Meta descriptions may be included in search results to concisely summarize page content. Learn more about the meta description.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Informative elements should aim for short, descriptive alternate text. Decorative elements can be ignored with an empty alt attribute. Learn more about the `alt` attribute.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.lead-homepage-item-v3 > div.imagery-container > img.lead-image `section.featured-homepage-items-wrapper > section.lead-homepage-item-v3 > div.imagery-container > img.lead-image`
section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail`
section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail `section.homepage-news > section.news-item-group > article.news-item > img.news-thumbnail`
section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon `section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon`
section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon `section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon`
section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon `section.social-media > a > div.social-icons > img.social-icon`

Format your HTML in a way that enables crawlers to better understand your app’s content.

○Structured data is valid

●Page isn’t blocked from indexing

●Document has a `<title>` element

●Page has successful HTTP status code

●Links have descriptive text

●Links are crawlable

●robots.txt is valid

●Document has a valid `hreflang`

○Document has a valid `rel=canonical`