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Performance

· 15 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
82
GRADE
B
FIX
2
REVIEW
5
PASS
6
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
88
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
100
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
100
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
100
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

1.10 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

1.98 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

0 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.001

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

1.22 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

1.98 s

Page Load Progression

375 ms
750 ms
1.1 s
1.5 s
1.9 s
2.2 s
2.6 s
3.0 s
Checks
15
6 PASS 5 REVIEW 2 FIX
D
Third-Party Impact
Action
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
FIX
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Warning::
Third-party code accounts for 100% of page weight (1.5 MiB of 1.5 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
100%
First-party Third-party
D
Page Weight Inventory
Action
34 resources · 1.5 MB · 249 KB savings available
FIX
34 resources · 1.5 MB · 249 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 542 KB over 1MB target
Got: 1.5 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~249 KB of savings available
Warning::
33 third-party resources (100% of weight)
Info::
1 resources over 200KB
34 resources · 1.5 MiB · 33 third-party 542.4 KiB over 1MB target
Image 50% · 782.3 KiB
JavaScript 37% · 584.9 KiB
Other 4% · 63.5 KiB
Document 3% · 53.8 KiB
Font 3% · 49.3 KiB
CSS 2% · 32.6 KiB

~248.7 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 248.7 KiB
B
Page Weight Budget
1.5 MB transferred, 34 requests
REVIEW
1.5 MB transferred, 34 requests
Info::
Page weighs 3.6 MB (1.5 MB transferred)
Warning::
JavaScript is 585 KB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 585 KB
Info::
34 HTTP requests
Info::
Estimated 0.32 g CO2 per page load
1.5 MB / 2.4 MB budget
1.5 MB transferred
34 requests
0.32 g CO2 per page load
Images 780.9 KiB 50%
JavaScript 584.9 KiB 37%
HTML 53.4 KiB 3%
Fonts 49.3 KiB 3%
Other 38.1 KiB 2%
CSS 32.6 KiB 2%
Other 26.6 KiB 2%
Other 633 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Approaching limit

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

C
Image Optimization
Action
9 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
9 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darw... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/bran... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/bran... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
9 images 781 KB
0 oversized -0 KB
4 legacy format
6 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

B
JS Execution Cost
532ms total JS execution
REVIEW
532ms total JS execution
Info::
https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc: 205ms CPU time
Info::
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ: 127ms CPU time
Info::
Unattributable: 82ms CPU time
Info::
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consen...: 62ms CPU time
Info::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 55ms CPU time
Warning::
Third-party scripts: 532ms (100% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 41% Other 25% Style & Layout 19% Script Parsing & Compilation 8% Rendering 4%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc205ms7ms1ms3rd
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ127ms105ms18ms3rd
Unattributable82ms5ms0ms3rd
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js62ms42ms4ms3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604160201/pubads_impl.js?cb=3109794555ms41ms13ms3rd
C
JS Bundles
Action
10 scripts, 249 KB unused
REVIEW
10 scripts, 249 KB unused
Warning::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 141 KB unused (75%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ: 67 KB unused (34%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/...: 41 KB unused (58%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 249 KB
249 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604160201/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097945188 KB141 KB (75%)✓3rd
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ200 KB67 KB (34%)✓3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.570 KB41 KB (58%)✓3rd
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js23 KB—✓3rd
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js40 KB—✓3rd
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.js10 KB—✓3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js19 KB—✓3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.52 KB—✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=10 KB—✓3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js34 KB—✓3rd

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

C
Green Hosting
Action
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
REVIEW

Green Hosting

No green hosting detected

A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
1 fonts (49 KB)
PASS
1 fonts (49 KB)
Info::
1 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

1

49 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 1

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 2.0 s FCP 1.1 s LCP 2.0 shttps://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2MerriweatherSans-Variab... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 49.3 KiB — 8 ms — font-display: swap
MerriweatherSans-Variab... woff2 swap
Size 49 KB
Load time 8 ms
Start 727 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)
A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
No optimization needed
PASS
No optimization needed
Info::
No resource hint issues
A
HTTP Caching
max-age=3600 (1 hour)
PASS
max-age=3600 (1 hour)
Info::
Cache-Control header is set
Got: max-age=3600
Info::
Effective TTL: 1 hour (max-age=3600)
Info::
No ETag or Last-Modified header
Conditional requests (304 Not Modified) are not possible without validators.
Cache-Control

max-age=3600

DirectiveValueMeaning
max-age3600Cache for 1 hour
Effective TTL: 3600 seconds
Network Waterfall
34 requests over 1295ms
INFO
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 2.0 s FCP 1.1 s LCP 2.0 shttps://biomedcentral.com// https://biomedcentral.com/ — 301 — 250 B — 92 ms — h2https://www.biomedcentral.com/www.biomedcentral.com/ https://www.biomedcentral.com/ — 301 — 420 B — 33 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/bmclink.springer.com/brands/bmc https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc — 303 — 616 B — 102 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmcidp.springer.com/authorize?response... https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc — 302 — 722 B — 63 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc&code=30670eb0-2b87-42ca-bc67-0443ee76967eidp.springer.com/transit?redirect_u... https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc&code=30670eb0-2b87-42ca-bc67-0443ee76967e — 302 — 204 B — 40 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/bmclink.springer.com/brands/bmc https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc — 200 — 53.4 KiB — 292 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.css — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 3 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-bmc-8eecaee6b0.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-bmc-8eecaee6b0.css — 200 — 30.6 KiB — 6 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svg — 200 — 2.4 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-logo-62573a7fdf.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-logo-62573a7fdf.svg — 200 — 1.5 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/BMC_hero-8fd889b225.pnglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/BMC_hero-8fd889b225.png — 200 — 745.6 KiB — 21 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.css — 200 — 705 B — 15 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/p... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js — 200 — 22.9 KiB — 3 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.jscmp.springer.com/production_live/en... https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js — 200 — 40.0 KiB — 9 ms — h2https://cart.springer.com/cart-infocart.springer.com/cart-info https://cart.springer.com/cart-info — 200 — 231 B — 36 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40478?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40478?as=webp — 200 — 7.3 KiB — 26 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12860?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12860?as=webp — 200 — 5.8 KiB — 20 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40959?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40959?as=webp — 200 — 5.6 KiB — 20 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w190h106/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12917-026-05472-1/MediaObjects/12917_2026_5472_Figa_HTML.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w190h106/s... https://media.springernature.com/w190h106/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12917-026-05472-1/MediaObjects/12917_2026_5472_Figa_HTML.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 3.7 KiB — 22 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w256h144/springer-cms/rest/v1/content/27848680/data/v3?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w256h144/s... https://media.springernature.com/w256h144/springer-cms/rest/v1/content/27848680/data/v3?as=webp — 200 — 8.6 KiB — 21 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2link.springer.com/oscar-static/font... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 200 — 49.3 KiB — 8 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/b... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.js — 200 — 10.2 KiB — 8 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/vendor-list.jsoncmp.springer.com/vendor-list.json https://cmp.springer.com/vendor-list.json — 200 — 37.9 KiB — 6 ms — h2https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRV... https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 199.9 KiB — 166 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.jscdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js — 200 — 18.6 KiB — 8 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 69.6 KiB — 5 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 3 ms — h3https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1 — 200 — 392 B — 78 ms — h2https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbrands%252Fbmc&dr=&dt=BMC%20Journals%20%7C%20Open%20access,%20community-focused&sr=800x600&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp... https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbrands%252Fbmc&dr=&dt=BMC%20Journals%20%7C%20Open%20access,%20community-focused&sr=800x600&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 251 B — 90 ms — h2https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.jspagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/j... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js — 200 — 33.6 KiB — 95 ms — h3
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 2.0 s FCP 1.1 s LCP 2.0 shttps://biomedcentral.com// https://biomedcentral.com/ — 301 — 250 B — 92 ms — h2https://www.biomedcentral.com/www.biomedcentral.com/ https://www.biomedcentral.com/ — 301 — 420 B — 33 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/bmclink.springer.com/brands/bmc https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc — 303 — 616 B — 102 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmcidp.springer.com/authorize?response... https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc — 302 — 722 B — 63 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc&code=30670eb0-2b87-42ca-bc67-0443ee76967eidp.springer.com/transit?redirect_u... https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc&code=30670eb0-2b87-42ca-bc67-0443ee76967e — 302 — 204 B — 40 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/bmclink.springer.com/brands/bmc https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc — 200 — 53.4 KiB — 292 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.css — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 3 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-bmc-8eecaee6b0.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-bmc-8eecaee6b0.css — 200 — 30.6 KiB — 6 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svg — 200 — 2.4 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-logo-62573a7fdf.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-logo-62573a7fdf.svg — 200 — 1.5 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/BMC_hero-8fd889b225.pnglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/BMC_hero-8fd889b225.png — 200 — 745.6 KiB — 21 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.css — 200 — 705 B — 15 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/p... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js — 200 — 22.9 KiB — 3 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.jscmp.springer.com/production_live/en... https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js — 200 — 40.0 KiB — 9 ms — h2https://cart.springer.com/cart-infocart.springer.com/cart-info https://cart.springer.com/cart-info — 200 — 231 B — 36 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40478?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40478?as=webp — 200 — 7.3 KiB — 26 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12860?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12860?as=webp — 200 — 5.8 KiB — 20 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40959?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40959?as=webp — 200 — 5.6 KiB — 20 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w190h106/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12917-026-05472-1/MediaObjects/12917_2026_5472_Figa_HTML.jpg?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w190h106/s... https://media.springernature.com/w190h106/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12917-026-05472-1/MediaObjects/12917_2026_5472_Figa_HTML.jpg?as=webp — 200 — 3.7 KiB — 22 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w256h144/springer-cms/rest/v1/content/27848680/data/v3?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w256h144/s... https://media.springernature.com/w256h144/springer-cms/rest/v1/content/27848680/data/v3?as=webp — 200 — 8.6 KiB — 21 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2link.springer.com/oscar-static/font... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 200 — 49.3 KiB — 8 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/b... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.js — 200 — 10.2 KiB — 8 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/vendor-list.jsoncmp.springer.com/vendor-list.json https://cmp.springer.com/vendor-list.json — 200 — 37.9 KiB — 6 ms — h2https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRV... https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 199.9 KiB — 166 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.jscdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js — 200 — 18.6 KiB — 8 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 69.6 KiB — 5 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 3 ms — h3https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1 — 200 — 392 B — 78 ms — h2https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbrands%252Fbmc&dr=&dt=BMC%20Journals%20%7C%20Open%20access,%20community-focused&sr=800x600&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp... https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbrands%252Fbmc&dr=&dt=BMC%20Journals%20%7C%20Open%20access,%20community-focused&sr=800x600&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 251 B — 90 ms — h2https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.jspagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/j... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js — 200 — 33.6 KiB — 95 ms — h3https://idp.springer.com/exposed-detailsidp.springer.com/exposed-details https://idp.springer.com/exposed-details — 200 — 633 B — 48 ms — h3https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604160201/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097945pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604160201/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097945 — 200 — 187.7 KiB — 70 ms — h3https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/dict/m202604210101/gptpagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/dict/m202604210101/gpt — 200 — 23.0 KiB — 37 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-de0c289efe.icolink.springer.com/oscar-static/img/... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-de0c289efe.ico — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 3 ms — h3
HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
100% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 532ms · 481KB · €3/mo
link.springer.com
Other
Costly
Execution 205ms
Transfer 53 KB
Monthly Cost €1/mo
sgtm.springer.com
Other
Optional
Execution 127ms
Transfer 200 KB
Unused 34%
Monthly Cost €1/mo
Unattributable
Other
Optional
Execution 82ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost €0/mo
cmp.springer.com
Other
Optional
Execution 62ms
Transfer 40 KB
Monthly Cost €0/mo
pagead2.googlesyndication.com
Other
Optional
Execution 55ms
Transfer 188 KB
Unused 75%
Monthly Cost €0/mo

These scripts may cost more than they're worth

  • link.springer.com adds 205ms and costs ~€1/month

100% of JavaScript execution time is spent on third-party scripts. Consider auditing which scripts are essential.

Why this matters

When third-party JS execution time exceeds your own, performance gains from frontend work are capped by code you don't own.

Learn more ▾

Every millisecond of third-party JS competes with your own for main-thread time. If their share is bigger than yours, optimization on your code base barely moves the needle. Audit, defer, or remove third-parties before further frontend optimization. Use Lighthouse's third-party audit to identify the worst offenders.

Source: web.dev

link.springer.com takes 205ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

75% of pagead2.googlesyndication.com's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

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