Skip to content
https://biomedcentral.com

Performance

· 17 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
82
GRADE
B
FIX
2
REVIEW
5
PASS
8
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
43
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
100
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
100
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
100
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

4.13 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

7.05 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

468 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.244

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

4.13 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

10.37 s

Page Load Progression

375 ms
750 ms
1.1 s
1.5 s
1.9 s
2.2 s
2.6 s
3.0 s
Checks
17
8 PASS 5 REVIEW 2 FIX
D
Third-Party Impact
Action
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
FIX
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Warning::
Third-party code accounts for 100% of page weight (1.1 MiB of 1.1 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
100%
First-party Third-party
D
JS Execution Cost
Action
2130ms total JS execution
FIX
2130ms total JS execution
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc: 755ms CPU time
Warning::
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ: 543ms CPU time
Warning::
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consen...: 256ms CPU time
Info::
Unattributable: 236ms CPU time
Info::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 189ms CPU time
Warning::
Third-party scripts: 2130ms (100% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 44% Other 22% Style & Layout 18% Script Parsing & Compilation 8% Rendering 6%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc755ms20ms6ms3rd
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ543ms442ms69ms3rd
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js256ms185ms14ms3rd
Unattributable236ms19ms0ms3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604090101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097905189ms128ms60ms3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js77ms67ms9ms3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.574ms54ms18ms3rd
B
Page Weight Budget
1.1 MB transferred, 32 requests
REVIEW
1.1 MB transferred, 32 requests
Info::
Page weighs 3.2 MB (1.1 MB transferred)
Warning::
JavaScript is 578 KB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 578 KB
Info::
32 HTTP requests
Info::
Estimated 0.23 g CO2 per page load
1.1 MB / 2.4 MB budget
1.1 MB transferred
32 requests
0.23 g CO2 per page load
JavaScript 577.8 KiB 52%
Images 334.5 KiB 30%
HTML 53.3 KiB 5%
Fonts 49.3 KiB 4%
Other 38.7 KiB 3%
CSS 32.6 KiB 3%
Other 26.6 KiB 2%
Other 631 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Under budget

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

C
Image Optimization
Action
7 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
7 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darw... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/bran... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/bran... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
7 images 334 KB
0 oversized -0 KB
4 legacy format
6 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

C
JS Bundles
Action
10 scripts, 246 KB unused
REVIEW
10 scripts, 246 KB unused
Warning::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 141 KB unused (76%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ: 67 KB unused (34%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/...: 37 KB unused (58%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 246 KB
246 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604090101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097905186 KB141 KB (76%)✓3rd
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ200 KB67 KB (34%)✓3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.564 KB37 KB (58%)✓3rd
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js23 KB—✓3rd
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js40 KB—✓3rd
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.js10 KB—✓3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js19 KB—✓3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.52 KB—✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=10 KB—✓3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js34 KB—✓3rd

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

B
Page Weight Inventory
32 resources · 1.1 MB · 246 KB savings available
REVIEW
32 resources · 1.1 MB · 246 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 89 KB over 1MB target
Got: 1.1 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~246 KB of savings available
Warning::
31 third-party resources (100% of weight)
Info::
1 resources over 200KB
32 resources · 1.1 MiB · 31 third-party 89.3 KiB over 1MB target
JavaScript 52% · 577.8 KiB
Image 30% · 335.9 KiB
Other 6% · 64.0 KiB
Document 5% · 53.8 KiB
Font 4% · 49.3 KiB
CSS 3% · 32.6 KiB

~245.9 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 245.9 KiB
C
Green Hosting
Action
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
REVIEW

Green Hosting

No green hosting detected

A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
1 fonts (49 KB)
PASS
1 fonts (49 KB)
Info::
1 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

1

49 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 1

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s 6.0 s 7.0 s FCP 4.1 s LCP 7.1 shttps://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2MerriweatherSans-Variab... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 49.3 KiB — 7 ms — font-display: swap
MerriweatherSans-Variab... woff2 swap
Size 49 KB
Load time 7 ms
Start 709 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)
A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
No optimization needed
PASS
No optimization needed
Info::
No resource hint issues
A+
Render-Blocking Resources
No render-blocking resources detected
PASS
No render-blocking resources detected
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected in <head>
A+
Third-Party Resources
No third-party resources detected
PASS
No third-party resources detected
A
HTTP Caching
max-age=3600 (1 hour)
PASS
max-age=3600 (1 hour)
Info::
Cache-Control header is set
Got: max-age=3600
Info::
Effective TTL: 1 hour (max-age=3600)
Info::
No ETag or Last-Modified header
Conditional requests (304 Not Modified) are not possible without validators.
Cache-Control

max-age=3600

DirectiveValueMeaning
max-age3600Cache for 1 hour
Effective TTL: 3600 seconds
Network Waterfall
32 requests over 2140ms
INFO
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s 6.0 s 7.0 s FCP 4.1 s LCP 7.1 shttps://biomedcentral.com// https://biomedcentral.com/ — 301 — 249 B — 98 ms — h2https://www.biomedcentral.com/www.biomedcentral.com/ https://www.biomedcentral.com/ — 301 — 420 B — 99 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/bmclink.springer.com/brands/bmc https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc — 303 — 616 B — 75 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmcidp.springer.com/authorize?response... https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc — 302 — 699 B — 62 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc&code=bf60fd7b-4315-451a-922c-9daf49f3486bidp.springer.com/transit?redirect_u... https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc&code=bf60fd7b-4315-451a-922c-9daf49f3486b — 302 — 229 B — 45 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/bmclink.springer.com/brands/bmc https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc — 200 — 53.3 KiB — 247 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.css — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 3 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-bmc-8eecaee6b0.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-bmc-8eecaee6b0.css — 200 — 30.6 KiB — 11 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svg — 200 — 2.4 KiB — 12 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-logo-62573a7fdf.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-logo-62573a7fdf.svg — 200 — 1.5 KiB — 12 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-hero-mobile-0324748916.pnglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-hero-mobile-0324748916.png — 200 — 311.4 KiB — 10 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.css — 200 — 704 B — 10 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/p... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js — 200 — 22.9 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.jscmp.springer.com/production_live/en... https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js — 200 — 40.0 KiB — 36 ms — h2https://cart.springer.com/cart-infocart.springer.com/cart-info https://cart.springer.com/cart-info — 200 — 231 B — 65 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40478?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40478?as=webp — 200 — 7.7 KiB — 36 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12860?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12860?as=webp — 200 — 5.8 KiB — 37 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40959?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40959?as=webp — 200 — 5.3 KiB — 223 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2link.springer.com/oscar-static/font... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 200 — 49.3 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/b... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.js — 200 — 10.2 KiB — 17 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/vendor-list.jsoncmp.springer.com/vendor-list.json https://cmp.springer.com/vendor-list.json — 200 — 38.4 KiB — 8 ms — h2https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRV... https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 199.8 KiB — 1.0 s — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.jscdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js — 200 — 18.6 KiB — 36 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 64.4 KiB — 5 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 2 ms — h3https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1 — 200 — 392 B — 94 ms — h2https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbrands%252Fbmc&dr=&dt=BMC%20Journals%20%7C%20Open%20access,%20community-focused&sr=412x823&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp... https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbrands%252Fbmc&dr=&dt=BMC%20Journals%20%7C%20Open%20access,%20community-focused&sr=412x823&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 270 B — 124 ms — h2https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.jspagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/j... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js — 200 — 33.6 KiB — 115 ms — h3https://idp.springer.com/exposed-detailsidp.springer.com/exposed-details https://idp.springer.com/exposed-details — 200 — 631 B — 47 ms — h3https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604090101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097905pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604090101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097905 — 200 — 185.9 KiB — 68 ms — h3
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s 6.0 s 7.0 s FCP 4.1 s LCP 7.1 shttps://biomedcentral.com// https://biomedcentral.com/ — 301 — 249 B — 98 ms — h2https://www.biomedcentral.com/www.biomedcentral.com/ https://www.biomedcentral.com/ — 301 — 420 B — 99 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/bmclink.springer.com/brands/bmc https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc — 303 — 616 B — 75 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmcidp.springer.com/authorize?response... https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc — 302 — 699 B — 62 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc&code=bf60fd7b-4315-451a-922c-9daf49f3486bidp.springer.com/transit?redirect_u... https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fbmc&code=bf60fd7b-4315-451a-922c-9daf49f3486b — 302 — 229 B — 45 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/bmclink.springer.com/brands/bmc https://link.springer.com/brands/bmc — 200 — 53.3 KiB — 247 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.css — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 3 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-bmc-8eecaee6b0.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-bmc-8eecaee6b0.css — 200 — 30.6 KiB — 11 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svg — 200 — 2.4 KiB — 12 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-logo-62573a7fdf.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-logo-62573a7fdf.svg — 200 — 1.5 KiB — 12 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-hero-mobile-0324748916.pnglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/bmc-hero-mobile-0324748916.png — 200 — 311.4 KiB — 10 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.css — 200 — 704 B — 10 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/p... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js — 200 — 22.9 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.jscmp.springer.com/production_live/en... https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js — 200 — 40.0 KiB — 36 ms — h2https://cart.springer.com/cart-infocart.springer.com/cart-info https://cart.springer.com/cart-info — 200 — 231 B — 65 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40478?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40478?as=webp — 200 — 7.7 KiB — 36 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12860?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12860?as=webp — 200 — 5.8 KiB — 37 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40959?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/40959?as=webp — 200 — 5.3 KiB — 223 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2link.springer.com/oscar-static/font... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 200 — 49.3 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/b... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.js — 200 — 10.2 KiB — 17 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/vendor-list.jsoncmp.springer.com/vendor-list.json https://cmp.springer.com/vendor-list.json — 200 — 38.4 KiB — 8 ms — h2https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRV... https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 199.8 KiB — 1.0 s — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.jscdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js — 200 — 18.6 KiB — 36 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 64.4 KiB — 5 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 2 ms — h3https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1 — 200 — 392 B — 94 ms — h2https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbrands%252Fbmc&dr=&dt=BMC%20Journals%20%7C%20Open%20access,%20community-focused&sr=412x823&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp... https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbrands%252Fbmc&dr=&dt=BMC%20Journals%20%7C%20Open%20access,%20community-focused&sr=412x823&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 270 B — 124 ms — h2https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.jspagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/j... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js — 200 — 33.6 KiB — 115 ms — h3https://idp.springer.com/exposed-detailsidp.springer.com/exposed-details https://idp.springer.com/exposed-details — 200 — 631 B — 47 ms — h3https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604090101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097905pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604090101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097905 — 200 — 185.9 KiB — 68 ms — h3https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/dict/m202604210101/gptpagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/dict/m202604210101/gpt — 200 — 23.0 KiB — 46 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-de0c289efe.icolink.springer.com/oscar-static/img/... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-de0c289efe.ico — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 4 ms — h3
HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
100% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 2130ms · 577KB · €11/mo
link.springer.com
Other
Costly
Execution 755ms
Transfer 53 KB
Monthly Cost €4/mo
sgtm.springer.com
Other
Costly
Execution 543ms
Transfer 200 KB
Unused 34%
Monthly Cost €3/mo
cmp.springer.com
Other
Costly
Execution 256ms
Transfer 40 KB
Monthly Cost €1/mo
Unattributable
Other
Costly
Execution 236ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost €1/mo
pagead2.googlesyndication.com
Other
Optional
Execution 189ms
Transfer 186 KB
Unused 76%
Monthly Cost €1/mo
pagead2.googlesyndication.com
Other
Optional
Execution 77ms
Transfer 34 KB
Monthly Cost €0/mo
jsDelivr
CDN
Optional
Execution 74ms
Transfer 64 KB
Unused 58%
Monthly Cost €0/mo

These scripts may cost more than they're worth

  • link.springer.com adds 755ms and costs ~€4/month
  • sgtm.springer.com adds 543ms and costs ~€3/month
  • cmp.springer.com adds 256ms and costs ~€1/month
  • Unattributable adds 236ms and costs ~€1/month

100% of JavaScript execution time is spent on third-party scripts. Consider auditing which scripts are essential.

Why this matters

When third-party JS execution time exceeds your own, performance gains from frontend work are capped by code you don't own.

Learn more ▾

Every millisecond of third-party JS competes with your own for main-thread time. If their share is bigger than yours, optimization on your code base barely moves the needle. Audit, defer, or remove third-parties before further frontend optimization. Use Lighthouse's third-party audit to identify the worst offenders.

Source: web.dev

link.springer.com takes 755ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

sgtm.springer.com takes 543ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

cmp.springer.com takes 256ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

Unattributable takes 236ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

76% of pagead2.googlesyndication.com's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

58% of jsDelivr's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

Send Feedback