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Performance

· 17 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
78
GRADE
C
FIX
3
REVIEW
3
PASS
9
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
29
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
87
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
100
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
92
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

17.37 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

26.05 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

1.51 s

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.000

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

17.37 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

36.81 s

Page Load Progression

483 ms
966 ms
1.4 s
1.9 s
2.4 s
2.9 s
3.4 s
3.9 s
Checks
17
9 PASS 3 REVIEW 3 FIX
F
Page Weight Budget
Action
7.7 MB transferred, 90 requests
FIX
7.7 MB transferred, 90 requests
Critical::
Page weighs 35.0 MB (7.7 MB transferred)
Warning::
JavaScript is 4.7 MB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 4.7 MB
Warning::
Images are 1.9 MB — compress or use modern formats
Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.
Got: 1.9 MB
Info::
90 HTTP requests
Info::
Estimated 1.6 g CO2 per page load
7.7 MB / 2.4 MB budget
7.7 MB transferred
90 requests
1.6 g CO2 per page load
JavaScript 4.7 MiB 61%
Images 1.9 MiB 25%
Other 915.1 KiB 12%
Fonts 77.5 KiB 1%
CSS 70.0 KiB 1%
HTML 24.0 KiB 0%
Other 17.8 KiB 0%
Other 457 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Over budget

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.

Why this matters

Image bandwidth is high — modern formats (WebP/AVIF) and resizing typically cut it 50%+.

Source: web.dev

F
JS Execution Cost
Action
11923ms total JS execution
FIX
11923ms total JS execution
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/47e4859854c...: 4183ms CPU time
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-...: 3067ms CPU time
Warning::
Unattributable: 1811ms CPU time
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/e9d3a9460a3...: 1329ms CPU time
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/: 1320ms CPU time
Info::
Third-party scripts: 1811ms (15% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 44% Script Parsing & Compilation 29% Other 12% Style & Layout 9%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/47e4859854c64b203052db6bc5deb0b1242d15ce.dd985aab2abcb960ab25.js4183ms2517ms1651ms1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-26a57d6f3df775d18f7c.js3067ms1805ms1197ms1st
Unattributable1811ms23ms0ms3rd
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/e9d3a9460a3d42df381236e80cdffbf91610fb51.7d0584402fa29855be46.js1329ms749ms579ms1st
https://core.ac.uk/1320ms55ms1ms1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/framework.898ed9c4190ec62ba669.js127ms20ms23ms1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/5ed5ad25dd4f38da5750af0eddffcfa22120fcbb.aaf620f2d5a9d295727d.js85ms10ms64ms1st
F
HTTP Caching
Action
No cache headers
FIX
No cache headers
Warning::
No Cache-Control header found
Browsers will use heuristic caching, which can be unpredictable. Set explicit cache headers.

No Cache-Control header

Adding a Cache-Control header can significantly improve repeat-visit performance.

C
Image Optimization
Action
42 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
42 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/join/membership.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/join/server.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/heros/ref.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/logos/open-university.pn... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/services/server-status.s... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/heros/community.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/features/gears.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/features/building.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/heros/oai.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/services/time-management... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/logos/research-england.p... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/features/globe.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/heros/homeServices.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/features/neural.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/services/search-engine.s... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/heros/database.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/images/posi-7077ad... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/join/data-provider.svg is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/logos/turnitin.png is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/images/logos/mooc-founder.png is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
42 images 1.9 MB
0 oversized -0 KB
39 legacy format
20 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

B
JS Bundles
27 scripts, 93 KB unused
REVIEW
27 scripts, 93 KB unused
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/5ed5ad25dd4...: 60 KB unused (46%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/b5f2ed29.ea...: 33 KB unused (44%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 93 KB
93 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/5ed5ad25dd4f38da5750af0eddffcfa22120fcbb.aaf620f2d5a9d295727d.js133 KB60 KB (46%)✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/b5f2ed29.eab0112c4e45d27f0cf3.js75 KB33 KB (44%)✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-26a57d6f3df775d18f7c.js1758 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/pages/benefits-74bedf088b46cb81b92e.js5 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/commons.40914008aeb4fa12e103.js9 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/e82996df.e4e23103955cc80152f4.js15 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/framework.898ed9c4190ec62ba669.js42 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/f443063bbf095a7363b06f11d0407d84c72ae47b.18bfb7f85b309e8a387d.js21 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/3b92c0e3c31c49c8e3ff32984688ea681698947b.162153ce132b6e7d7f41.js29 KB—✓1st
https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/3b92c0e3c31c49c8e3ff32984688ea681698947b_CSS.ddce25b62cf34b951439.js1 KB—✓1st

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

C
Page Weight Inventory
Action
90 resources · 7.7 MB · 93 KB savings available
REVIEW
90 resources · 7.7 MB · 93 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 6.7 MB over 1MB target
Got: 7.7 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~93 KB of savings available
Info::
7 third-party resources (1% of weight)
Info::
7 resources over 200KB
90 resources · 7.7 MiB · 7 third-party 6.7 MiB over 1MB target
JavaScript 72% · 5.6 MiB
Image 25% · 1.9 MiB
Font 1% · 77.5 KiB
CSS 1% · 73.3 KiB
Document 0% · 24.0 KiB
Other 0% · 14.9 KiB

~93.3 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 93.3 KiB
A+
Third-Party Impact
1% third-party, 0 ms blocking
PASS
1% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Info::
Third-party code accounts for 1% of page weight (90.6 KiB of 7.7 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
99%
First-party Third-party
A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
2 fonts (77 KB)
PASS
2 fonts (77 KB)
Info::
2 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

2

77 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 2

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 2.0 s 4.0 s 6.0 s 8.0 s 10.0 s 12.0 s 14.0 s 16.0 s 18.0 s 20.0 s 22.0 s 24.0 s 26.0 s FCP 17.4 s LCP 26.0 shttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v51/KFO7CnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMa3yUBHMdazQ.woff2KFO7CnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66a... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v51/KFO7CnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66aGLdTylUAMa3yUBHMdazQ.woff2 — 36.7 KiB — 7 ms — font-display: swaphttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v51/KFO5CnqEu92Fr1Mu53ZEC9_Vu3r1gIhOszmkBnkaSTbQWg.woff2KFO5CnqEu92Fr1Mu53ZEC9_... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/roboto/v51/KFO5CnqEu92Fr1Mu53ZEC9_Vu3r1gIhOszmkBnkaSTbQWg.woff2 — 40.8 KiB — 11 ms — font-display: swap
KFO7CnqEu92Fr1ME7kSn66a... woff2 swap
Size 37 KB
Load time 7 ms
Start 546 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
KFO5CnqEu92Fr1Mu53ZEC9_... woff2 swap
Size 41 KB
Load time 11 ms
Start 1.7 s
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)
A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
20 hints, 0 missing preconnects
PASS
20 hints, 0 missing preconnects
Info::
Page uses 20 resource hint(s)

Current Resource Hints

preconnect
—
preload
+10
20
dns-prefetch
—
prefetch
—

20 resource hints configured

A+
Render-Blocking Resources
No render-blocking resources detected
PASS
No render-blocking resources detected
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected in <head>
A+
Third-Party Resources
No third-party resources detected
PASS
No third-party resources detected
A+
Green Hosting
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
PASS

Green Hosting

This site is hosted on green energy infrastructure

Provider: Cloudflare

Network Waterfall
90 requests over 4640ms
INFO
0 ms 2.0 s 4.0 s 6.0 s 8.0 s 10.0 s 12.0 s 14.0 s 16.0 s 18.0 s 20.0 s 22.0 s 24.0 s 26.0 s FCP 17.4 s LCP 26.0 shttps://core.ac.uk// https://core.ac.uk/ — 200 — 24.0 KiB — 435 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/a59dd4a8d2778e4f62ab.css/_next/static/css/a59dd4a8d2778e4f6... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/a59dd4a8d2778e4f62ab.css — 200 — 9.4 KiB — 16 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/a51ecc0a05be3045ad37.css/_next/static/css/a51ecc0a05be3045a... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/a51ecc0a05be3045ad37.css — 200 — 48.0 KiB — 47 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/c11d2755ee779763a8c6.css/_next/static/css/c11d2755ee779763a... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/c11d2755ee779763a8c6.css — 200 — 7.5 KiB — 18 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/b2ebaee0e356564aa655.css/_next/static/css/b2ebaee0e356564aa... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/css/b2ebaee0e356564aa655.css — 200 — 2.6 KiB — 26 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2f78f32847808ce48e99.js/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2f78f3... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2f78f32847808ce48e99.js — 200 — 1.7 KiB — 38 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/framework.898ed9c4190ec62ba669.js/_next/static/chunks/framework.898e... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/framework.898ed9c4190ec62ba669.js — 200 — 41.8 KiB — 62 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/commons.40914008aeb4fa12e103.js/_next/static/chunks/commons.409140... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/commons.40914008aeb4fa12e103.js — 200 — 9.2 KiB — 38 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/main-767611dc341f10edc57d.js/_next/static/chunks/main-767611dc3... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/main-767611dc341f10edc57d.js — 200 — 9.5 KiB — 54 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/b5f2ed29.eab0112c4e45d27f0cf3.js/_next/static/chunks/b5f2ed29.eab01... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/b5f2ed29.eab0112c4e45d27f0cf3.js — 200 — 75.4 KiB — 91 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/e82996df.e4e23103955cc80152f4.js/_next/static/chunks/e82996df.e4e23... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/e82996df.e4e23103955cc80152f4.js — 200 — 15.0 KiB — 80 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/5ed5ad25dd4f38da5750af0eddffcfa22120fcbb.aaf620f2d5a9d295727d.js/_next/static/chunks/5ed5ad25dd4f38... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/5ed5ad25dd4f38da5750af0eddffcfa22120fcbb.aaf620f2d5a9d295727d.js — 200 — 132.9 KiB — 114 ms — h3https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/f443063bbf095a7363b06f11d0407d84c72ae47b.18bfb7f85b309e8a387d.js/_next/static/chunks/f443063bbf095a... https://core.ac.uk/_next/static/chunks/f443063bbf095a7363b06f11d0407d84c72ae47b.18bfb7f85b309e8a387d.js — 200 — 21.1 KiB — 74 ms — 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HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
15% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 1811ms · 0KB · £19/mo
Unattributable
Other
Costly
Execution 1811ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost £19/mo

These scripts may cost more than they're worth

  • Unattributable adds 1811ms and costs ~£19/month

Unattributable takes 1811ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

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