Accessibility

· 13 checks — Landmarks, headings, alt text, forms, and link quality rolled into one auditable list.

SCORE

GRADE

FIX

REVIEW

PASS

INFO

Checks

4 PASS 3 REVIEW 6 FIX

Heading Hierarchy

Action

104 headings, 1 skip(s)

FIX

104 headings, 1 skip(s)

Multiple H1 headings (38 found)

A page should have only one H1. Multiple H1s dilute the document outline.

Heading level skipped: H1 → H3 (missing H2)

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.

18 empty heading(s)

Empty headings appear in the document outline but provide no information.

H3 Dropdown items
H3 My Academies
H1 Publications
H3 Dropdown items skipped
H3 The National Academies
H3 Journals and Periodicals
H3 Visit
H3 Legal
H1 Discover duplicate H1
H1 Events duplicate H1
H1 Engage duplicate H1
H1 About duplicate H1
H1 Search duplicate H1
H1 Mobile Navigation duplicate H1
H2 Primary Mobile Navigation
H3 Discover
H3 Events
H3 Engage
H3 About
H3 My Academies
H1 Topic duplicate H1
H2 Topic
H3 Topic
H3 Agriculture and Natural Resources
H3 Data and Statistics
H3 Economy and Workforce
H3 Education
H3 Engineering
H3 Environment and Biology
H3 Health and Medicine
H3 Information Technology
H3 Infrastructure and the Built Environment
H3 Law, Society, and Justice
H3 Legislation and Policy
H3 Research and Standards
H3 Space, Security, and Conflicts
H3 Transportation
H1 Type duplicate H1
H2 Type
H1 Program Centers duplicate H1
H2 Program Centers
H3 Program Centers
H3 Center for Advancing Science and Technology
H3 Center for Health, People, and Places
H3 Gulf Research Program
H3 Transportation Research Board
H3 Office of International Networks, Cooperation, and Security
H3 Organizational Initiatives
H3 Offices and Service Units
H3 Institute of Medicine
H3 National Academy of Engineering
H3 National Academy of Sciences
H3 National Academy of Medicine
H3 Policy and Global Affairs
H3 Health and Medicine Division
H3 Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences
H3 Division on Earth and Life Studies
H3 Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education
H3 Office of Peer Review
H1 Date duplicate H1
H2 Date
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 (empty)
H1 Log In duplicate H1
H2 Log In
H1 Register duplicate H1
H2 Register
H1 Thank You duplicate H1
H2 Thank You
H1 Forgot Password duplicate H1
H2 Forgot Password
H1 Reset Requested duplicate H1
H2 Reset Requested
H1 Reset Password duplicate H1
H2 Reset Password
H1 Reset Password duplicate H1
H2 Reset Password
H1 Verify email duplicate H1
H2 Verify email
H1 Subscribe duplicate H1
H2 Subscribe
H2 Privacy Preference Center
H3 Manage Consent Preferences
H4 Strictly Necessary Cookies
H4 Functional Cookies
H4 Performance Cookies
H4 Targeting Cookies
H3 Performance Cookies

A page should have only one H1. Multiple H1s dilute the document outline.

Why this matters

Multiple H1s blur the page's primary topic — screen-reader users and Google both prefer one H1.

Learn more ▾

HTML5's outline algorithm technically allows multiple H1s within sectioning content, but no browser implements it. In practice: one H1 per page. Use H2-H6 for subsections.

Source: WCAG 2.4.6 / Google Search Central

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.

Why this matters

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline — screen-reader users lose track of section nesting.

Learn more ▾

Screen reader users navigate by jumping between headings (H1 → H2 → H3). Skipping (H1 → H3) breaks the sense of hierarchy. Use sequential levels even if you don't like the default styling — restyle with CSS instead. WCAG 1.3.1 (Info and Relationships) treats this as an A failure.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 1.3.1 / W3C WAI

Empty headings appear in the document outline but provide no information.

Why this matters

Empty <hN> tags break the document outline — screen-reader users navigating by heading hit dead silence.

Source: WCAG 2.4.6

Form Accessibility

Action

7 of 370 controls have issues

FIX

7 of 370 controls have issues

2 control(s) without accessible label

Form controls need a <label>, aria-label, or aria-labelledby for screen readers.

Got: <select id="pagination-page-select">; <input type="text" name="vendor-search-handler" id="vendor-search-handler">

5 control(s) rely on placeholder only

Placeholder text disappears on focus and is not a reliable label.

Got: <input type="text" name="search" id="search">; <input type="text" name="search" id="search">; <input type="search" name="query">; <input type="text" name="search" id="search">; <input type="text" name="search" id="search">

363 control(s) properly labeled

370 controls

363 labeled

5 placeholder only

2 unlabeled

Control	Type	Label	Method
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
input	checkbox		none
#publication_date[from]	number	From	for/id
#publication_date[to]	number	To	for/id
#email	email	Email (required)	for/id
#password	password	Password (required)	for/id
#register-email	email	Email (required)	for/id
#register-password	password	New password (required)	for/id
#register-password-confirm	password	Retype password (required)	for/id
#subscribe-marketing	checkbox		none
#register-terms	checkbox		none
#pwrequest-email	email	Email (required)	for/id
#pwreset-password	password	New password (required)	for/id
#pwreset-password-confirm	password	Retype password (required)	for/id
#first_name	text	First Name	for/id
#last_name	text	Last Name	for/id
#email_subscribe	email	Email (required)	for/id
#email_agreementdlU7	checkbox		none
#ot-group-id-C0003	checkbox	Functional Cookies	for/id
#ot-group-id-C0002	checkbox	Performance Cookies	for/id
#ot-group-id-C0004	checkbox	Targeting Cookies	for/id
#chkbox-id	checkbox	checkbox label	for/id
#select-all-hosts-groups-handler	checkbox	checkbox label	for/id
#select-all-vendor-groups-handler	checkbox	checkbox label	for/id
#select-all-vendor-leg-handler	checkbox	checkbox label	for/id
#search	text	(Title, ISBN, or keyword...)	placeholder only
#search	text	(Title, ISBN, or keyword...)	placeholder only
query	search	(Search)	placeholder only
#search	text	(Search...)	placeholder only
#search	text	(Search...)	placeholder only
#pagination-page-select	select	(none)	none
#vendor-search-handler	text	(none)	none

Form controls need a <label>, aria-label, or aria-labelledby for screen readers.

Why this matters

Form controls without labels — assistive tech announces 'edit text' with no context; users can't complete forms.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 3.3.2

Placeholder text disappears on focus and is not a reliable label.

Why this matters

Placeholder-only labels disappear when the user starts typing — they must remember what the field was for.

Learn more ▾

Placeholders are NOT labels. They vanish on input, fail color contrast checks (most are gray), and don't satisfy WCAG SC 3.3.2. Always use a real <label> alongside (or aria-labelledby).

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 3.3.2 / Nielsen Norman

Link & Button Quality

Action

7 issue(s) across 140 links and 130 buttons

FIX

7 issue(s) across 140 links and 130 buttons

3 link(s) with no accessible text

Links without text are announced as raw URLs by screen readers.

Got: https://www.nationalacademies.org; https://www.nationalacademies.org; https://www.nationalacademies.org

18 image-only link(s) without alt text

Image-only links need alt text on the image (or aria-label on the link) so screen readers can announce them.

Got: a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications/29386"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications/29378"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/HMD-HSP-18-P-13/publication/29427"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/projects/HMD-BPH-24-07/publication/29425"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/DELS-WSTB-21-P-378/publication/29130"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications/29379"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/DEPS-LAB-21-P-364/publication/29294"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/HMD-HSP-21-08/publication/29227"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/DELS-BANR-22-P-449/publication/25395"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/HMD-BGH-18-P-16/publication/29313"] (+8 more)

20 link(s) open in new tab without warning

Add '(opens in new tab)' to link text or aria-label.

Got: https://www.nasonline.org/; https://www.nae.edu/; https://nam.edu/; https://careers.nationalacademies.org/us/en/home; https://www.trb.org/Publications/PubsTRBPublicationsbySeries.aspx; https://www.pnas.org/; https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus; https://academic.oup.com/ilarjournal; https://issues.org/; https://journals.sagepub.com/home/trr (+10 more)

4 button(s) with no accessible text

Icon-only buttons need an aria-label so screen readers can announce them.

Got: button (#7242 on page); button (#7252 on page); button (#7266 on page); button (#7280 on page)

99 link(s) with descriptive text

140 links

3 empty

0 generic text

20 new tab

4 empty buttons

Element	Text	Issue	Suggested Fix
https://www.nationalacademies.org	(empty)	empty	Add link text or aria-label
https://www.nationalacademies.org/public…	Buy America Requirements for F…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/public…	Data Protection and Privacy Ma…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/…	Developing Regenerative Medici…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/projec…	Protecting Maternal Heart Heal…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/…	Review of the Long-Term Operat…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/public…	Transportation Planning in Non…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/…	An Assessment of the National …	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/…	Exploring Risks of Repeated He…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/…	Nutrient Requirements of Poult…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/…	Understanding the Introduction…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/public…	Coordination of Highway Safety…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/public…	Pedestrian Safety Enhancements…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/public…	Revenue and Financing Alternat…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/…	Digital Tools for Youth Mental…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/…	Advancing Value-Based Payment …	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/…	A Science Strategy for the Hum…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/public…	Data Ontologies for Data-Drive…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org/public…	Data Ontologies for Data-Drive…	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
https://www.nationalacademies.org	(empty)	empty	Add link text or aria-label
https://www.nasonline.org/	National Academy of Sciences	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.nae.edu/	National Academy of Engineerin…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://nam.edu/	National Academy of Medicine	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://careers.nationalacademies.org/us…	Careers	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.trb.org/Publications/PubsTRB…	Transportation Research Board …	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.pnas.org/	PNAS	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus	PNAS Nexus	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://academic.oup.com/ilarjournal	ILAR Journal	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://issues.org/	Issues in Science and Technolo…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://journals.sagepub.com/home/trr	Transportation Research Record…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://trnews.org/	TR News	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.facebook.com/NationalAcademi…	Facebook	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-nat…	LinkedIn	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://x.com/TheNASEM	X	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://careers.nationalacademies.org/us…	Careers	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://careers.nationalacademies.org/us…	Careers	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.nationalacademies.org	(empty)	empty	Add link text or aria-label
https://careers.nationalacademies.org/us…	Careers	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://careers.nationalacademies.org/us…	Careers	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://cookiepedia.co.uk/giving-consent…	More information about your pr…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.onetrust.com/products/cookie…	Powered by OneTrust Opens in a…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
<button>	(empty)	empty	Add button text or aria-label
<button>	(empty)	empty	Add button text or aria-label
<button>	(empty)	empty	Add button text or aria-label
<button>	(empty)	empty	Add button text or aria-label

225 links and buttons have descriptive text

Links without text are announced as raw URLs by screen readers.

https://www.nationalacademies.org; https://www.nationalacademies.org; https://www.nationalacademies.org

Why this matters

Links with no accessible text (empty <a></a>, image-only no alt, icon-only no aria-label) are unidentifiable to screen readers.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 2.4.4

Image-only links need alt text on the image (or aria-label on the link) so screen readers can announce them.

a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications/29386"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications/29378"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/HMD-HSP-18-P-13/publication/29427"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/projects/HMD-BPH-24-07/publication/29425"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/DELS-WSTB-21-P-378/publication/29130"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/publications/29379"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/DEPS-LAB-21-P-364/publication/29294"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/HMD-HSP-21-08/publication/29227"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/DELS-BANR-22-P-449/publication/25395"]; a[href="https://www.nationalacademies.org/units/HMD-BGH-18-P-16/publication/29313"] (+8 more)

Why this matters

Image-only links with no alt are unidentifiable to screen-reader users — link's destination is invisible.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 2.4.4

Add '(opens in new tab)' to link text or aria-label.

https://www.nasonline.org/; https://www.nae.edu/; https://nam.edu/; https://careers.nationalacademies.org/us/en/home; https://www.trb.org/Publications/PubsTRBPublicationsbySeries.aspx; https://www.pnas.org/; https://academic.oup.com/pnasnexus; https://academic.oup.com/ilarjournal; https://issues.org/; https://journals.sagepub.com/home/trr (+10 more)

Why this matters

Links with target="_blank" without rel="noopener" leak the originating page's window context — security and UX issue.

Learn more ▾

Without rel="noopener", the new tab can navigate the original tab via window.opener (tab-nabbing attack). Modern browsers default to noopener for target=_blank but only since recent versions. Always set rel="noopener noreferrer" explicitly.

Source: MDN target / OWASP

Icon-only buttons need an aria-label so screen readers can announce them.

button (#7242 on page); button (#7252 on page); button (#7266 on page); button (#7280 on page)

Why this matters

Buttons with no accessible text (icon-only, no aria-label) can't be activated by voice control or understood by screen readers.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 4.1.2

Web Manifest

Action

Not found

FIX

Not found

No web manifest found

No manifest at standard paths (/manifest.json, /site.webmanifest). A manifest is optional but enables PWA features like home screen installation and standalone display.

No web manifest found.

Dark Mode Support

Action

No dark mode signals

FIX

No dark mode signals

No dark mode signals detected

Consider adding CSS with @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) and <meta name='color-scheme' content='light dark'>.

Detection limited to meta tags and inline styles

External CSS files may contain prefers-color-scheme rules not visible to this scan.

Dark ModeNo Dark Mode Detected

color-scheme meta Not set ✗Dark theme-color Not set ✗CSS indicators Not detected ✗

Detection limited to meta tags and inline styles.

Print Stylesheet

Action

No print styles

FIX

No print styles

No print-specific styles detected

When users print this page, they get the screen layout including navigation and non-essential elements. Add @media print rules to hide navigation and optimize layout for paper.

Print Stylesheet No Print Styles

Print stylesheet Not found ✗Inline @media print Not detected ✗

404 Error Page

HTTP 404, custom page

REVIEW

HTTP 404, custom page

Correct 404 status code returned

Got: HTTP 404

Custom styled 404 page

Navigation links present on 404 page

404 Page Quality ✓ Custom 404 Page

Status Code HTTP 404 ✓Page Title Not Found | The National Academies Press ✓Custom Styling ✓Navigation ✓Homepage Link ✗Search Form ✗

Favicon & Branding

5 icon(s) detected

REVIEW

5 icon(s) detected

favicon.ico present at site root

HTML icon links detected

Apple touch icon present

SVG favicon detected — scales perfectly to any size

Multiple icon sizes detected

✓ favicon.ico Present

✓ PNG Icons Present

✓ Apple Touch Present

✓ SVG Favicon Present

✗ Manifest Icons Missing

✓ Multiple Sizes Present

Navigation UX

Action

2 navigation pattern(s)

REVIEW

2 navigation pattern(s)

Breadcrumb navigation detected

Got: aria-label

Skip navigation link detected

4 navigation landmark(s) detected

Hamburger menu detected (responsive design)

Breadcrumbs aria-label navigation

Skip Link Skip link detected

Labeled Navigation 4 <nav> element(s)

Hamburger Menu

Sticky Navigation Cannot reliably detect (CSS-based)

4 of 6 testable patterns navigation patterns detected. Strong navigation UX with multiple discovery paths.

A+

Landmark Structure

42 landmarks

PASS

42 landmarks

<main> landmark present

4 <nav> landmark(s) found

All <nav> elements are properly labeled

Skip navigation link present

Page Structure — as a screen reader sees it

A+

Alt Text Quality

All 18 images OK

PASS

All 18 images OK

18 decorative image(s) correctly marked

18 images 18 decorative

All images have appropriate alt text.

A+

Color Contrast (Screenshot)

20 text elements analyzed, 0 fail WCAG AA

PASS

Analyzes text contrast against the actual rendered page, including background images, gradients, and overlays that CSS-based tools cannot detect.

20 pass

Show all checked elements (20)

Element	Ratio	Required	FG	BG	Result
h1 Publications	19.47:1	3.0:1	#000000	#F6F6F9	Pass
h1 Discover	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Events	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Engage	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 About	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Search	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Mobile Navigation	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Topic	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Type	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Program Centers	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Date	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Log In	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Register	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Thank You	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Forgot Password	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Reset Requested	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Reset Password	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Reset Password	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Verify email	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass
h1 Subscribe	17.30:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E9E9E9	Pass

Methodology: The top 20 text elements by font size were checked. Background color was sampled from the desktop screenshot using a 5-point pattern. WCAG 2.1 AA requires 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text.

A+

Lighthouse Accessibility Audits

Score 95/100 — 3 failing, 26 passed

PASS

Accessibility

These checks highlight opportunities to improve the accessibility of your web app. Automatic detection can only detect a subset of issues and does not guarantee the accessibility of your web app, so manual testing is also encouraged.

Navigation

Properly ordered headings that do not skip levels convey the semantic structure of the page, making it easier to navigate and understand when using assistive technologies. Learn more about heading order.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES `div.gap-spacing-set-11 > nav.gap-x-gutter > div.gap-spacing-set-5 > h3.f-label`

These are opportunities to improve keyboard navigation in your application.

Best practices

Touch targets with sufficient size and spacing help users who may have difficulty targeting small controls to activate the targets. Learn more about touch targets.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
Submit search `div > div.lg:hidden > div.relative > button.effect-focus`

These items highlight common accessibility best practices.

Visible text labels that do not match the accessible name can result in a confusing experience for screen reader users. Learn more about accessible names.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
https://www.nationalacademies.org/legal/privacy `div#onetrust-group-container > div#onetrust-policy > p#onetrust-policy-text > a`

○Interactive controls are keyboard focusable

○Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state

○The page has a logical tab order

○Visual order on the page follows DOM order

○User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region

○The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page

○HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation

○Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology

○Custom controls have associated labels

○Custom controls have ARIA roles

●`[aria-*]` attributes match their roles

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`

●`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes

●`[role]` values are valid

●`[aria-*]` attributes have valid values

●`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled

●Buttons have an accessible name

●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes

●Form elements have associated labels

●`[user-scalable="no"]` is not used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element and the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is not less than 5.

●ARIA attributes are used as specified for the element's role

●Elements with `role="dialog"` or `role="alertdialog"` have accessible names.

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` elements do not contain focusable descendents

●Elements use only permitted ARIA attributes

●Background and foreground colors have a sufficient contrast ratio

●Document has a `<title>` element

●`<html>` element has a `[lang]` attribute

●`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute

●Links are distinguishable without relying on color.

●Links have a discernible name

●Lists contain only `<li>` elements and script supporting elements (`<script>` and `<template>`).

●List items (`<li>`) are contained within `<ul>`, `<ol>` or `<menu>` parent elements

●No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0

●Skip links are focusable.

●Document has a main landmark.

●Deprecated ARIA roles were not used

○`[accesskey]` values are unique

○`button`, `link`, and `menuitem` elements have accessible names

○ARIA input fields have accessible names

○ARIA `meter` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `progressbar` elements have accessible names

○Elements with an ARIA `[role]` that require children to contain a specific `[role]` have all required children.

○`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element

○Elements with the `role=text` attribute do not have focusable descendents.

○ARIA toggle fields have accessible names

○ARIA `tooltip` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `treeitem` elements have accessible names

○The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region

○`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.

○Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements

○ARIA IDs are unique

○No form fields have multiple labels

○`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title

○`<html>` element has an `[xml:lang]` attribute with the same base language as the `[lang]` attribute.

○Input buttons have discernible text.

○`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text

○The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`

○`<object>` elements have alternate text

○Select elements have associated label elements.

○Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.

○`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.

○`[lang]` attributes have a valid value

○`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`

○Tables have different content in the summary attribute and `<caption>`.

○All heading elements contain content.

○Uses ARIA roles only on compatible elements

○Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes that are redundant text.

○Identical links have the same purpose.

○Tables use `<caption>` instead of cells with the `[colspan]` attribute to indicate a caption.

○`<td>` elements in a large `<table>` have one or more table headers.

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.