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Performance

· 15 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
80
GRADE
B
FIX
1
REVIEW
6
PASS
6
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
99
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
100
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
100
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
100
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

620 ms

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

894 ms

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

0 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.000

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

870 ms

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

900 ms

Page Load Progression

375 ms
750 ms
1.1 s
1.5 s
1.9 s
2.2 s
2.6 s
3.0 s
Checks
15
6 PASS 6 REVIEW 1 FIX
D
Third-Party Impact
Action
76% third-party, 0 ms blocking
FIX
76% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Warning::
Third-party code accounts for 76% of page weight (783.9 KiB of 1.0 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
24%
76%
First-party Third-party
C
Image Optimization
Action
29 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
29 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darw... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
29 images 270 KB
0 oversized -0 KB
8 legacy format
10 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

B
JS Execution Cost
549ms total JS execution
REVIEW
549ms total JS execution
Info::
https://link.springer.com/: 216ms CPU time
Info::
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ: 135ms CPU time
Info::
Unattributable: 84ms CPU time
Info::
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consen...: 63ms CPU time
Info::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 52ms CPU time
Warning::
Third-party scripts: 333ms (61% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 43% Other 25% Style & Layout 18% Script Parsing & Compilation 7% Rendering 5%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
https://link.springer.com/216ms9ms2ms1st
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ135ms108ms18ms3rd
Unattributable84ms4ms0ms3rd
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js63ms46ms4ms3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604200101/pubads_impl.js?cb=3109796452ms38ms12ms3rd
C
JS Bundles
Action
10 scripts, 247 KB unused
REVIEW
10 scripts, 247 KB unused
Warning::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 141 KB unused (75%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ: 67 KB unused (34%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/...: 39 KB unused (56%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 247 KB
247 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604200101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097964188 KB141 KB (75%)✓3rd
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ200 KB67 KB (34%)✓3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.570 KB39 KB (56%)✓3rd
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js23 KB—✓1st
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js40 KB—✓3rd
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/base-es6-bundle-e6012746a2.js9 KB—✓1st
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js19 KB—✓3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.52 KB—✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=10 KB—✓3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js34 KB—✓3rd

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

B
Page Weight Inventory
51 resources · 1.0 MB · 247 KB savings available
REVIEW
51 resources · 1.0 MB · 247 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 8 KB over 1MB target
Got: 1.0 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~247 KB of savings available
Warning::
31 third-party resources (76% of weight)
51 resources · 1.0 MiB · 31 third-party 7.6 KiB over 1MB target
JavaScript 57% · 583.3 KiB
Image 26% · 271.3 KiB
Other 6% · 63.5 KiB
Document 5% · 49.5 KiB
Font 5% · 49.3 KiB
CSS 1% · 14.7 KiB

~247.0 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 247.0 KiB
C
Green Hosting
Action
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
REVIEW

Green Hosting

No green hosting detected

B
HTTP Caching
no-cache
REVIEW
no-cache
Info::
Cache-Control header is set
Got: no-cache
Info::
No ETag or Last-Modified header
Conditional requests (304 Not Modified) are not possible without validators.
Cache-Control

no-cache

DirectiveValueMeaning
no-cache—Cache but always revalidate first
A
Page Weight Budget
1.0 MB transferred, 51 requests
PASS
1.0 MB transferred, 51 requests
Info::
Page weighs 3.0 MB (1.0 MB transferred)
Warning::
JavaScript is 583 KB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 583 KB
Info::
51 HTTP requests
Info::
Estimated 0.21 g CO2 per page load
1.0 MB / 2.4 MB budget
1.0 MB transferred
51 requests
0.21 g CO2 per page load
JavaScript 583.3 KiB 57%
Images 269.9 KiB 26%
HTML 49.5 KiB 5%
Fonts 49.3 KiB 5%
Other 38.6 KiB 4%
Other 25.7 KiB 2%
CSS 14.7 KiB 1%
Other 632 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Under budget

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
1 fonts (49 KB)
PASS
1 fonts (49 KB)
Info::
1 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

1

49 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 1

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s FCP 620 ms LCP 894 mshttps://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2MerriweatherSans-Variab... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 49.3 KiB — 14 ms — font-display: swap
MerriweatherSans-Variab... woff2 swap
Size 49 KB
Load time 14 ms
Start 432 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)
A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
No optimization needed
PASS
No optimization needed
Info::
No resource hint issues
Network Waterfall
51 requests over 1044ms
INFO
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s FCP 620 ms LCP 894 mshttps://link.springer.com// https://link.springer.com/ — 303 — 657 B — 98 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fidp.springer.com/authorize?response... https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F — 302 — 640 B — 48 ms — h2https://link.springer.com// https://link.springer.com/ — 200 — 49.5 KiB — 180 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.css/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.css — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 4 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-homepage-v2-eba3a4a270.css/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-homepage-v2-eba3a4a270.css — 200 — 12.7 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svg/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svg — 200 — 2.4 KiB — 8 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/homepage-hero-1x-957a1e5e1b.webp/oscar-static/images/homepage/homep... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/homepage-hero-1x-957a1e5e1b.webp — 200 — 51.8 KiB — 8 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/springer-logo_75x20-eb38a969c0.svg/oscar-static/images/springer-logo_... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/springer-logo_75x20-eb38a969c0.svg — 200 — 2.7 KiB — 5 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-nature-portfolio-stacked-bbb8c01a8a.svg/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-nature-portfolio-stacked-bbb8c01a8a.svg — 200 — 2.6 KiB — 5 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-bmc-no-whitespace-de4cbc81f4.svg/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-bmc-no-whitespace-de4cbc81f4.svg — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-palgrave-macmillan-stacked-569307d56c.svg/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-palgrave-macmillan-stacked-569307d56c.svg — 200 — 2.4 KiB — 15 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-discover-f3fb9af1e9.svg/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/logo-discover-f3fb9af1e9.svg — 200 — 3.5 KiB — 15 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/apress-logo-d09c0bfc14.svg/oscar-static/images/apress-logo-d0... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/apress-logo-d09c0bfc14.svg — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 16 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundl... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js — 200 — 23.0 KiB — 15 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.jscmp.springer.com/production_live/en... https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js — 200 — 40.0 KiB — 19 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.css/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.css — 200 — 705 B — 15 ms — h3https://cart.springer.com/cart-infocart.springer.com/cart-info https://cart.springer.com/cart-info — 200 — 217 B — 46 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-1-1x-973ecacc60.webp/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-1-1x-973ecacc60.webp — 200 — 5.8 KiB — 13 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-2-1x-b5aad14809.webp/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-2-1x-b5aad14809.webp — 200 — 13.4 KiB — 21 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-3-1x-c0519c997b.webp/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-3-1x-c0519c997b.webp — 200 — 12.6 KiB — 23 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-42534-8/MediaObjects/41598_2026_42534_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w234h132/s... https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-42534-8/MediaObjects/41598_2026_42534_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp — 200 — 13.7 KiB — 36 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs43247-026-03283-8/MediaObjects/43247_2026_3283_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w234h132/s... https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs43247-026-03283-8/MediaObjects/43247_2026_3283_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp — 200 — 9.2 KiB — 28 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12872-026-05762-4/MediaObjects/12872_2026_5762_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w234h132/s... https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs12872-026-05762-4/MediaObjects/12872_2026_5762_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webp — 200 — 5.3 KiB — 33 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42004-026-01942-7/MediaObjects/42004_2026_1942_Figa_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w234h132/s... https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42004-026-01942-7/MediaObjects/42004_2026_1942_Figa_HTML.png?as=webp — 200 — 13.7 KiB — 34 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40820-026-02109-8/MediaObjects/40820_2026_2109_Figa_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w234h132/s... https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40820-026-02109-8/MediaObjects/40820_2026_2109_Figa_HTML.png?as=webp — 200 — 10.4 KiB — 34 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10462?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w136/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10462?as=webp — 200 — 6.6 KiB — 35 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/su... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 200 — 49.3 KiB — 14 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/43621?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w136/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/43621?as=webp — 200 — 5.1 KiB — 15 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/44197?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w136/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/44197?as=webp — 200 — 3.6 KiB — 24 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-1-0716-1418-1?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-1-0716-1418-1?as=webp — 200 — 8.5 KiB — 21 ms — h2
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s FCP 620 ms LCP 894 mshttps://link.springer.com// https://link.springer.com/ — 303 — 657 B — 98 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fidp.springer.com/authorize?response... https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F — 302 — 640 B — 48 ms — h2https://link.springer.com// https://link.springer.com/ — 200 — 49.5 KiB — 180 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.css/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.css — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 4 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-homepage-v2-eba3a4a270.css/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-darwin-homepage-v2-eba3a4a270.css — 200 — 12.7 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svg/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svg — 200 — 2.4 KiB — 8 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/homepage-hero-1x-957a1e5e1b.webp/oscar-static/images/homepage/homep... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/homepage-hero-1x-957a1e5e1b.webp — 200 — 51.8 KiB — 8 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/springer-logo_75x20-eb38a969c0.svg/oscar-static/images/springer-logo_... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/springer-logo_75x20-eb38a969c0.svg — 200 — 2.7 KiB — 5 ms — 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— 3.5 KiB — 15 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/apress-logo-d09c0bfc14.svg/oscar-static/images/apress-logo-d0... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/apress-logo-d09c0bfc14.svg — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 16 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundl... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js — 200 — 23.0 KiB — 15 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.jscmp.springer.com/production_live/en... https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js — 200 — 40.0 KiB — 19 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.css/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.css — 200 — 705 B — 15 ms — h3https://cart.springer.com/cart-infocart.springer.com/cart-info https://cart.springer.com/cart-info — 200 — 217 B — 46 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-1-1x-973ecacc60.webp/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-1-1x-973ecacc60.webp — 200 — 5.8 KiB — 13 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-2-1x-b5aad14809.webp/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-2-1x-b5aad14809.webp — 200 — 13.4 KiB — 21 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-3-1x-c0519c997b.webp/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/homepage/card-v1-3-1x-c0519c997b.webp — 200 — 12.6 KiB — 23 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41598-026-42534-8/MediaObjects/41598_2026_42534_Fig1_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w234h132/s... 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h2https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42004-026-01942-7/MediaObjects/42004_2026_1942_Figa_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w234h132/s... https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs42004-026-01942-7/MediaObjects/42004_2026_1942_Figa_HTML.png?as=webp — 200 — 13.7 KiB — 34 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40820-026-02109-8/MediaObjects/40820_2026_2109_Figa_HTML.png?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w234h132/s... https://media.springernature.com/w234h132/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs40820-026-02109-8/MediaObjects/40820_2026_2109_Figa_HTML.png?as=webp — 200 — 10.4 KiB — 34 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10462?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w136/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10462?as=webp — 200 — 6.6 KiB — 35 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/su... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 200 — 49.3 KiB — 14 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/43621?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w136/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/43621?as=webp — 200 — 5.1 KiB — 15 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/44197?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w136/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w136/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/44197?as=webp — 200 — 3.6 KiB — 24 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-1-0716-1418-1?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... 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h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-14194-2?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-14194-2?as=webp — 200 — 13.9 KiB — 17 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-19-0027-3?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-19-0027-3?as=webp — 200 — 8.3 KiB — 29 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-030-88346-1?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-030-88346-1?as=webp — 200 — 14.2 KiB — 29 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-1-4842-7866-6?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... 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h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.jscdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js — 200 — 18.6 KiB — 10 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 69.6 KiB — 5 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 3 ms — h3https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1 — 200 — 392 B — 72 ms — h2https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252F&dr=&dt=Home%20%7C%20Springer%20Nature%20Link&sr=800x600&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp... https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252F&dr=&dt=Home%20%7C%20Springer%20Nature%20Link&sr=800x600&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 271 B — 91 ms — h2https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.jspagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/j... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js — 200 — 33.6 KiB — 98 ms — h3https://idp.springer.com/exposed-detailsidp.springer.com/exposed-details https://idp.springer.com/exposed-details — 200 — 632 B — 58 ms — h3https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604200101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097964pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... 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HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
61% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 333ms · 428KB · €2/mo
sgtm.springer.com
Other
Optional
Execution 135ms
Transfer 200 KB
Unused 34%
Monthly Cost €1/mo
Unattributable
Other
Optional
Execution 84ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost €0/mo
cmp.springer.com
Other
Optional
Execution 63ms
Transfer 40 KB
Monthly Cost €0/mo
pagead2.googlesyndication.com
Other
Optional
Execution 52ms
Transfer 188 KB
Unused 75%
Monthly Cost €0/mo

61% of JavaScript execution time comes from third-party scripts.

Why this matters

Third-party scripts (analytics, ads, social, A/B testing) often dominate execution time — every one is a perf-and-privacy tax.

Learn more ▾

Each third-party script is a black box: you don't control when it loads, what it executes, or how much it grows. They often account for a major share of total blocking time on average sites (HTTP Archive's Web Almanac documents the trend). Audit which ones you actually need, defer the rest, and use facade patterns (lite-youtube, lite-vimeo) for embedded media.

Source: web.dev / HTTP Archive Web Almanac

75% of pagead2.googlesyndication.com's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

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