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Lighthouse Mobile

· 0 checks — Mobile Lighthouse audit -- Performance, Accessibility, Best Practices, and SEO category breakdown.
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Detailed Report

Audit breakdown by category with detailed findings.

83

Performance

Insights

Remove large, duplicate JavaScript modules from bundles to reduce unnecessary bytes consumed by network activity.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Polyfills and transforms enable older browsers to use new JavaScript features. However, many aren't necessary for modern browsers. Consider modifying your JavaScript build process to not transpile Baseline features, unless you know you must support older browsers. Learn why most sites can deploy ES6+ code without transpiling

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

3rd party code can significantly impact load performance. Reduce and defer loading of 3rd party code to prioritize your page's content.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Consider setting font-display to swap or optional to ensure text is consistently visible. swap can be further optimized to mitigate layout shifts with font metric overrides.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URLEst Savings
cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.7.2/webfonts/fa-solid-900.woff290 ms
cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.7.2/webfonts/fa-brands-400.woff235 ms

Reducing the download time of images can improve the perceived load time of the page and LCP. Learn more about optimizing image size

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URLResource SizeEst Savings
Cover of When Home Is a Photograph features a silver iridescent couch on a hard… div.flex > div.relative > picture > img.object-cover
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/59a14639-7be3-4af7-...64.1 KiB32.7 KiB
Cover photo on Media Rurality depicts mountains in the far background, behind a… div.flex > div.embla__slide > a.flex > img.max-w-40
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/cb932acf-f3bf-47f5-...43.0 KiB23.9 KiB
Cover of The Essential Senghor is a textured beige with the title in a teal ser… div.flex > div.embla__slide > a.flex > img.max-w-40
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/cbd96f0a-b6a7-4bfc-...38.7 KiB19.6 KiB
Illustration of transgender rights protest with colorful crowd holding signs du… div.flex > div.embla__slide > a.flex > img.max-w-40
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/b6c9caad-483d-4e7d-...32.7 KiB13.5 KiB
eDuke Journals Scholarly Collections div.flex > div.flex-[0_0_100%] > a.inline-block > img.max-h-[200px]
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/663bbbbd-a1ce-49d6-...9.1 KiB6.2 KiB
Cover of Blackstar Rising and the Purple Reign features David Bowie on the left… div.flex > div.embla__slide > a.flex > img.max-w-40
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/396adfa2-207d-43a3-...25.0 KiB5.9 KiB
Cover of The Gloria Wekker Reader has a sepia photograph of Gloria Wekker. The … div.flex > div.embla__slide > a.flex > img.max-w-40
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/3dd82dd9-0690-4ba5-...24.9 KiB5.8 KiB
eDuke Books Scholarly Collection div.flex > div.flex-[0_0_100%] > a.inline-block > img.max-h-[200px]
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/b5a54c05-ea69-4f15-...8.6 KiB5.7 KiB
The cover of Interrogating the Future of Puerto Rican Studies is a rainbow grad… div.flex > div.embla__slide > a.flex > img.max-w-40
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/5f738c4b-bedf-47a9-...18.4 KiB4.3 KiB

Optimize LCP by making the LCP image discoverable from the HTML immediately, and avoiding lazy-loading

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

lhId: page-9-IMG
nodeLabel: section.full-width > div.background-image > picture > img.object-cover
path: 1,HTML,1,BODY,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,MAIN,0,SECTION,0,DIV,0,PICTURE,0,IMG
selector: section.full-width > div.background-image > picture > img.object-cover
snippet: <img class="object-cover h-full w-full " src="https://assets-us-01.kc-usercontent.com/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b4…" alt="" width="1140" height="400" style="aspect-ratio: 1140 / 400">

Avoid chaining critical requests by reducing the length of chains, reducing the download size of resources, or deferring the download of unnecessary resources to improve page load.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

description: [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints help the browser establish a connection earlier in the page load, saving time when the first request for that origin is made. The following are the origins that the page preconnected to.
title: Preconnected origins
description: Add [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints to your most important origins, but try to use no more than 4.
title: Preconnect candidates
value: No additional origins are good candidates for preconnecting

A long cache lifetime can speed up repeat visits to your page. Learn more about caching.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

RequestCache TTLTransfer Size
/dist/vendor.bundle.js?v=BHAkr3fLq_s1RU45elwo1yuc3mm_tTnq...0.0 ms86.9 KiB
dukeupress.edu/dist/tabs-selector.bundle.js0.0 ms3.6 KiB
dukeupress.edu/dist/utility-button-events.bundle.js0.0 ms2.8 KiB
/dist/runtime.bundle.js?v=kwyclQQ-jUDqxgNHr21TfQ0BLbh-bdH...0.0 ms2.2 KiB
dukeupress.edu/dist/nav-search.bundle.js0.0 ms2.1 KiB
dukeupress.edu/dist/mega-menu-toggle.bundle.js0.0 ms2.0 KiB
dukeupress.edu/dist/dropdown-toggle.bundle.js0.0 ms1.9 KiB
dukeupress.edu/dist/header-height.bundle.js0.0 ms1.5 KiB
dukeupress.edu/dist/embla-featured.bundle.js0.0 ms1.4 KiB

Your first network request is the most important. Reduce its latency by avoiding redirects, ensuring a fast server response, and enabling text compression.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

HTTP/2 and HTTP/3 offer many benefits over HTTP/1.1, such as multiplexing. Learn more about using modern HTTP.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URLProtocol
dukeupress.edu/http/1.1
dukeupress.edu/dist/tabs-selector.bundle.jshttp/1.1
dukeupress.edu/dist/embla-featured.bundle.jshttp/1.1
dukeupress.edu/dist/utility-button-events.bundle.jshttp/1.1
dukeupress.edu/dist/dropdown-toggle.bundle.jshttp/1.1
dukeupress.edu/dist/mega-menu-toggle.bundle.jshttp/1.1
dukeupress.edu/dist/header-height.bundle.jshttp/1.1
dukeupress.edu/dist/nav-search.bundle.jshttp/1.1
/dist/runtime.bundle.js?v=kwyclQQ-jUDqxgNHr21TfQ0BLbh-bdH...http/1.1
/dist/vendor.bundle.js?v=BHAkr3fLq_s1RU45elwo1yuc3mm_tTnq...http/1.1
dukeupress.edu/api/cart/cart-infohttp/1.1
dukeupress.edu/api/search/search-pagehttp/1.1
dukeupress.edu/favicon.icohttp/1.1

These insights are also available in the Chrome DevTools Performance Panel - record a trace to view more detailed information.

Time to Interactive is the amount of time it takes for the page to become fully interactive. Learn more about the Time to Interactive metric.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

TTI

Diagnostics

Reduce unused rules from stylesheets and defer CSS not used for above-the-fold content to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused CSS.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 0.0 ms 55.0 KiB
URLTransfer SizeEst Savings
:root{--ksl-z-index:10;--ksl-color-primary:#5276ba;--ksl-color-primary-transparent:#5276babf; … } …45.5 KiB37.6 KiB
cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.7.2/css/all.min.css17.8 KiB17.4 KiB

Reduce unused JavaScript and defer loading scripts until they are required to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused JavaScript.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 0.0 ms 140.6 KiB
URLTransfer SizeEst Savings
/dist/vendor.bundle.js?v=BHAkr3fLq_s1RU45elwo1yuc3mm_tTnq...85.8 KiB75.3 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-0FJ5H8908M158.1 KiB65.3 KiB

More information about the performance of your application. These numbers don't directly affect the Performance score.

●Max Potential First Input Delay 110 ms
●Layout shift culprits
●Optimize DOM size
●Forced reflow
●LCP breakdown
●Render blocking requests
●Optimize viewport for mobile
●Minify CSS
●Minify JavaScript
●Avoids enormous network payloads Total size was 1,451 KiB
●User Timing marks and measures 5 user timings
●JavaScript execution time 0.2 s
●Minimizes main-thread work 1.0 s
●Avoid long main-thread tasks 3 long tasks found
●Image elements have explicit `width` and `height`
●Page didn't prevent back/forward cache restoration
●Network Requests
●Network Round Trip Times 100 ms
●Server Backend Latencies 30 ms
●Tasks
●Diagnostics
●Metrics
●Screenshot Thumbnails
●Final Screenshot
●Script Treemap Data
●Resources Summary
●Avoid multiple page redirects
●Initial server response time was short Root document took 100 ms
●Avoid large layout shifts 2 layout shifts found
○INP breakdown
○Avoid non-composited animations
94

Accessibility

These checks highlight opportunities to improve the accessibility of your web app. Automatic detection can only detect a subset of issues and does not guarantee the accessibility of your web app, so manual testing is also encouraged.

Navigation

Properly ordered headings that do not skip levels convey the semantic structure of the page, making it easier to navigate and understand when using assistive technologies. Learn more about heading order.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
The Essential Senghor div.embla__slide > a.flex > div.flex > h3.text-lg

These are opportunities to improve keyboard navigation in your application.

Best practices

Touch targets with sufficient size and spacing help users who may have difficulty targeting small controls to activate the targets. Learn more about touch targets.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
Previous section.my-8 > details.overflow-hidden > div.relative > button.absolute
Next section.my-8 > details.overflow-hidden > div.relative > button.absolute

These items highlight common accessibility best practices.

Visible text labels that do not match the accessible name can result in a confusing experience for screen reader users. Learn more about accessible names.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
Learn More div.flex > div.flex > div.w-fit > a.block
○Interactive controls are keyboard focusable
○Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state
○The page has a logical tab order
○Visual order on the page follows DOM order
○User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region
○The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page
○HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation
○Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology
○Custom controls have associated labels
○Custom controls have ARIA roles
●`[aria-*]` attributes match their roles
●`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`
●`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes
●`[role]` values are valid
●`[aria-*]` attributes have valid values
●`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled
●Buttons have an accessible name
●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes
●`[user-scalable="no"]` is not used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element and the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is not less than 5.
●ARIA attributes are used as specified for the element's role
●`[aria-hidden="true"]` elements do not contain focusable descendents
●Elements use only permitted ARIA attributes
●Background and foreground colors have a sufficient contrast ratio
●Document has a `<title>` element
●`<html>` element has a `[lang]` attribute
●`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute
●Links have a discernible name
●Lists contain only `<li>` elements and script supporting elements (`<script>` and `<template>`).
●List items (`<li>`) are contained within `<ul>`, `<ol>` or `<menu>` parent elements
●Document has a main landmark.
●Deprecated ARIA roles were not used
○`[accesskey]` values are unique
○`button`, `link`, and `menuitem` elements have accessible names
○Elements with `role="dialog"` or `role="alertdialog"` have accessible names.
○ARIA input fields have accessible names
○ARIA `meter` elements have accessible names
○ARIA `progressbar` elements have accessible names
○Elements with an ARIA `[role]` that require children to contain a specific `[role]` have all required children.
○`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element
○Elements with the `role=text` attribute do not have focusable descendents.
○ARIA toggle fields have accessible names
○ARIA `tooltip` elements have accessible names
○ARIA `treeitem` elements have accessible names
○The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region
○`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.
○Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements
○ARIA IDs are unique
○No form fields have multiple labels
○`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title
○`<html>` element has an `[xml:lang]` attribute with the same base language as the `[lang]` attribute.
○Input buttons have discernible text.
○`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text
○Form elements have associated labels
○Links are distinguishable without relying on color.
○The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`
○`<object>` elements have alternate text
○Select elements have associated label elements.
○Skip links are focusable.
○No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0
○Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.
○`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.
○`[lang]` attributes have a valid value
○`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`
○Tables have different content in the summary attribute and `<caption>`.
○All heading elements contain content.
○Uses ARIA roles only on compatible elements
○Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes that are redundant text.
○Identical links have the same purpose.
○Tables use `<caption>` instead of cells with the `[colspan]` attribute to indicate a caption.
○`<td>` elements in a large `<table>` have one or more table headers.
96

Best Practices

User Experience

Image display dimensions should match natural aspect ratio. Learn more about image aspect ratio.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URLAspect Ratio (Displayed)Aspect Ratio (Actual)
Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies cover with veiled figure reaching toward lig… div.flex > div.embla__slide > a.flex > img.max-w-40
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/a8b74883-bdcd-4a61-...160 x 240 (0.67)320 x 462 (0.69)
Illustration of transgender rights protest with colorful crowd holding signs du… div.flex > div.embla__slide > a.flex > img.max-w-40
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/b6c9caad-483d-4e7d-...160 x 240 (0.67)320 x 457 (0.70)
Cover of <I>New Political Science: A Journal of Politics &amp; Culture</I>, Vol… div.flex > div.embla__slide > a.flex > img.max-w-40
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/b41a0be1-624a-4769-...160 x 240 (0.67)320 x 457 (0.70)
Raving cover image div.flex > div.embla__slide > a.flex > img.max-w-40
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/655dae9d-d88f-4e79-...160 x 240 (0.67)320 x 448 (0.71)
FSR cover image div.flex > div.embla__slide > a.flex > img.max-w-40
/f7ca9afb-82c2-002a-a423-84e111d5b498/c9e2a7d5-30bd-4ee2-...160 x 240 (0.67)320 x 414 (0.77)
●Uses HTTPS
●Avoids deprecated APIs
●Avoids third-party cookies
●Allows users to paste into input fields
●Avoids requesting the geolocation permission on page load
●Avoids requesting the notification permission on page load
●Serves images with appropriate resolution
●Page has the HTML doctype
●Properly defines charset
●No browser errors logged to the console
●No issues in the `Issues` panel in Chrome Devtools
●Ensure CSP is effective against XSS attacks
●Use a strong HSTS policy
●Mitigate DOM-based XSS with Trusted Types
●Page has valid source maps
○Redirects HTTP traffic to HTTPS
○Ensure proper origin isolation with COOP
○Mitigate clickjacking with XFO or CSP
○Detected JavaScript libraries
92

SEO

These checks ensure that your page is following basic search engine optimization advice. There are many additional factors Lighthouse does not score here that may affect your search ranking, including performance on Core Web Vitals. Learn more about Google Search Essentials.

Content Best Practices

Descriptive link text helps search engines understand your content. Learn how to make links more accessible.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Link destinationLink Text
dukeupress.edu/when-home-is-a-photographLearn More

Format your HTML in a way that enables crawlers to better understand your app’s content.

○Structured data is valid
●Page isn’t blocked from indexing
●Document has a `<title>` element
●Document has a meta description
●Page has successful HTTP status code
●Links are crawlable
●robots.txt is valid
●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes
●Document has a valid `hreflang`
○Document has a valid `rel=canonical`

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