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https://hku.hk

Performance

· 15 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
75
GRADE
C
FIX
3
REVIEW
4
PASS
6
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
57
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
76
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
100
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
100
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

2.61 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

6.24 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

24 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.031

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

4.84 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

7.14 s

Page Load Progression

1.2 s
2.5 s
3.7 s
4.9 s
6.1 s
7.4 s
8.6 s
9.8 s
Checks
15
6 PASS 4 REVIEW 3 FIX
F
Page Weight Budget
Action
17.5 MB transferred, 84 requests
FIX
17.5 MB transferred, 84 requests
Critical::
Page weighs 18.2 MB (17.5 MB transferred)
Warning::
Images are 15.9 MB — compress or use modern formats
Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.
Got: 15.9 MB
Warning::
JavaScript is 904 KB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 904 KB
Info::
CSS is 322 KB — consider purging unused styles
Remove unused CSS rules with tools like PurgeCSS to reduce stylesheet size.
Got: 322 KB
Info::
Fonts are 262 KB — consider subsetting or using system fonts
Subset fonts to include only used characters, or switch to system font stacks.
Got: 262 KB
Info::
84 HTTP requests
Info::
Estimated 3.7 g CO2 per page load
17.5 MB / 2.4 MB budget
17.5 MB transferred
84 requests
3.7 g CO2 per page load
Images 15.9 MiB 91%
JavaScript 904.2 KiB 5%
CSS 322.3 KiB 2%
Fonts 261.5 KiB 1%
HTML 95.3 KiB 1%
Other 15.4 KiB 0%
Other 953 B 0%
Other 543 B 0%
Other 543 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Over budget

Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.

Why this matters

Image bandwidth is high — modern formats (WebP/AVIF) and resizing typically cut it 50%+.

Source: web.dev

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

Remove unused CSS rules with tools like PurgeCSS to reduce stylesheet size.

Why this matters

CSS bundle is large — purge unused styles (PurgeCSS, Tailwind JIT) to reduce CSS payload.

Source: web.dev

Subset fonts to include only used characters, or switch to system font stacks.

Why this matters

Font payload is large — subset to used glyphs only, or fall back to system fonts (zero load time).

Source: web.dev font loading

D
JS Bundles
Action
13 scripts, 342 KB unused
FIX
13 scripts, 342 KB unused
Warning::
https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414: 170 KB unused (48%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-M9F...: 69 KB unused (51%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-ZHLL...: 66 KB unused (42%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://script.hotjar.com/modules.6a0f3932cb1341a3...: 38 KB unused (67%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 342 KB
342 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414355 KB170 KB (48%)✓1st
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-M9F2TJ6135 KB69 KB (51%)✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-ZHLLDTLTMG&cx=c&gtm=4e64h1h1157 KB66 KB (42%)✓3rd
https://script.hotjar.com/modules.6a0f3932cb1341a35c18.js57 KB38 KB (67%)✓3rd
https://hku.hk/assets/min/js/menu.js?t=2023041435 KB—✓1st
https://ssl.google-analytics.com/ga.js17 KB—✓3rd
https://hku.hk/assets/js/device.min.js?t=202304144 KB—✓1st
https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-1966860.js?sv=76 KB—✓3rd
https://hku.hk/assets/js/high-contrast.js?t=202304142 KB—✓1st
https://hku.hk/assets/min/js/mobile_menu.js?t=2023041469 KB—✓1st

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

D
HTTP Caching
Action
No cache headers
FIX
No cache headers
Warning::
No Cache-Control header found
Browsers will use heuristic caching, which can be unpredictable. Set explicit cache headers.
Info::
ETag present — enables conditional (304) responses
Info::
Last-Modified header present

No Cache-Control header

Adding a Cache-Control header can significantly improve repeat-visit performance.

C
Image Optimization
Action
58 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
58 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://hku.hk/f/banner/28843/258c90/HKUsmallBanne... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://hku.hk/assets/img/WARS-Triple-Gold-hku-col... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://hku.hk/f/banner/14717/258c90/bannerSPACE.j... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://hku.hk/f/banner/331/258c90/uv_banner_350x1... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://hku.hk/f/banner/27503/258c90/Untitled%20de... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://hku.hk/assets/img/cad-27th.png?t=20210628 is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://hku.hk/f/banner/28939/258c90/30th%20HKMF_W... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://hku.hk/assets/img/besthk-logo-2016.png?t=2... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://hku.hk/assets/img/2014_Standard_Winner.png... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://hku.hk/f/banner/28942/258c90/mahkcs-hku-ba... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
58 images 15.9 MB
0 oversized -0 KB
58 legacy format
10 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

C
JS Execution Cost
Action
1635ms total JS execution
REVIEW
1635ms total JS execution
Warning::
https://hku.hk/: 807ms CPU time
Warning::
https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414: 428ms CPU time
Warning::
Unattributable: 283ms CPU time
Info::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-M9F...: 63ms CPU time
Info::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-ZHLL...: 54ms CPU time
Info::
Third-party scripts: 400ms (24% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Other 35% Script Evaluation 24% Style & Layout 21% Rendering 12% Parse HTML & CSS 4%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
https://hku.hk/807ms3ms1ms1st
https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414428ms225ms7ms1st
Unattributable283ms21ms0ms3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-M9F2TJ663ms47ms12ms3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-ZHLLDTLTMG&cx=c&gtm=4e64h1h154ms42ms11ms3rd
C
Page Weight Inventory
Action
84 resources · 17.5 MB · 342 KB savings available
REVIEW
84 resources · 17.5 MB · 342 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 16.5 MB over 1MB target
Got: 17.5 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~342 KB of savings available
Info::
9 third-party resources (2% of weight)
Info::
30 resources over 200KB
84 resources · 17.5 MiB · 9 third-party 16.5 MiB over 1MB target
Image 91% · 15.9 MiB
JavaScript 5% · 904.2 KiB
CSS 2% · 322.3 KiB
Font 1% · 261.5 KiB
Document 1% · 95.3 KiB
Other 0% · 2.0 KiB

~342.4 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 342.4 KiB
C
Green Hosting
Action
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
REVIEW

Green Hosting

No green hosting detected

A+
Third-Party Impact
2% third-party, 0 ms blocking
PASS
2% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Info::
Third-party code accounts for 2% of page weight (374.8 KiB of 17.5 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
98%
First-party Third-party
A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
6 fonts (262 KB)
PASS
6 fonts (262 KB)
Info::
6 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

6

262 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 6

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s 6.0 s FCP 2.6 s LCP 6.2 shttps://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfont.woff2roboto-regular-webfont.... https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfont.woff2 — 65.0 KiB — 1.2 s — font-display: swaphttps://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont.woff2roboto-medium-webfont.w... https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont.woff2 — 65.9 KiB — 1.2 s — font-display: swaphttps://hku.hk/assets/fonts/icomoon/fonts/wico.woff2wico.woff2 https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/icomoon/fonts/wico.woff2 — 4.9 KiB — 712 ms — font-display: swaphttps://hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-bold-webfont.woff2frankruhllibre-bold-web... https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-bold-webfont.woff2 — 24.2 KiB — 965 ms — font-display: swaphttps://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-bold-webfont.woff2roboto-bold-webfont.woff2 https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-bold-webfont.woff2 — 65.1 KiB — 1.5 s — font-display: swaphttps://hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-black-webfont.woff2frankruhllibre-black-we... https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-black-webfont.woff2 — 36.4 KiB — 376 ms — font-display: swap
roboto-regular-webfont.... woff2 swap
Size 65 KB
Load time 1.2 s
Start 2.3 s
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
roboto-medium-webfont.w... woff2 swap
Size 66 KB
Load time 1.2 s
Start 2.3 s
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
wico.woff2 woff2 swap
Size 5 KB
Load time 712 ms
Start 2.3 s
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
frankruhllibre-bold-web... woff2 swap
Size 24 KB
Load time 965 ms
Start 2.3 s
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
roboto-bold-webfont.woff2 woff2 swap
Size 65 KB
Load time 1.5 s
Start 2.3 s
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
frankruhllibre-black-we... woff2 swap
Size 36 KB
Load time 376 ms
Start 5.2 s
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)
A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
No optimization needed
PASS
No optimization needed
Info::
No resource hint issues
Network Waterfall
84 requests over 7523ms
INFO
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s 6.0 s 7.0 s FCP 2.6 s LCP 6.2 shttps://hku.hk// https://hku.hk/ — 200 — 95.3 KiB — 1.5 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/css/index.css?t=20230414/assets/css/index.css?t=20230414 https://hku.hk/assets/css/index.css?t=20230414 — 200 — 320.3 KiB — 1.3 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/js/device.min.js?t=20230414/assets/js/device.min.js?t=20230414 https://hku.hk/assets/js/device.min.js?t=20230414 — 200 — 3.9 KiB — 755 ms — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/js/high-contrast.js?t=20230414/assets/js/high-contrast.js?t=20230... https://hku.hk/assets/js/high-contrast.js?t=20230414 — 200 — 1.9 KiB — 766 ms — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/img/hku-115.svg?t=1760950144/assets/img/hku-115.svg?t=176095014... https://hku.hk/assets/img/hku-115.svg?t=1760950144 — 200 — 92.9 KiB — 1.3 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/img/manifest.json/assets/img/manifest.json https://hku.hk/assets/img/manifest.json — 200 — 953 B — 1.0 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260318... https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260318_Website_3_Banner_CurrentV_3_EN.jpg — 200 — 1.0 MiB — 1.8 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/SGP%20Inaugural%20Week%201.png/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/SGP%20... https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/SGP%20Inaugural%20Week%201.png — 200 — 1.4 MiB — 775 ms — http/1.1https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-07.jpg/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119... https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-07.jpg — 200 — 1.4 MiB — 1.7 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-08.jpg/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119... https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/260119_THE_Subject_Ranking_2026-08.jpg — 200 — 1.3 MiB — 2.1 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 https://hku.hk/assets/js/index.js?t=20230414 — 200 — 355.3 KiB — 2.0 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/min/js/menu.js?t=20230414/assets/min/js/menu.js?t=20230414 https://hku.hk/assets/min/js/menu.js?t=20230414 — 200 — 34.7 KiB — 2.0 s — http/1.1https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-M9F2TJ6www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-M9F2TJ6 — 200 — 135.4 KiB — 152 ms — h2https://ssl.google-analytics.com/ga.jsssl.google-analytics.com/ga.js https://ssl.google-analytics.com/ga.js — 200 — 17.4 KiB — 98 ms — h2https://hku.hk/assets/img/bg_header.png/assets/img/bg_header.png https://hku.hk/assets/img/bg_header.png — 200 — 4.3 KiB — 1.2 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/QS-Asia-University-Ranking-2026.jpg/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/QS-Asi... https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/QS-Asia-University-Ranking-2026.jpg — 200 — 483.9 KiB — 1.9 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/251104_HKU-Highly-Cited-Research_banner.jpg/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/251104... https://hku.hk/f/frontpage/29052/1920c1080/251104_HKU-Highly-Cited-Research_banner.jpg — 200 — 334.4 KiB — 1.5 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfont.woff2/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfon... https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-regular-webfont.woff2 — 200 — 65.0 KiB — 1.2 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont.woff2/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont... https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-medium-webfont.woff2 — 200 — 65.9 KiB — 1.2 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/icomoon/fonts/wico.woff2/assets/fonts/icomoon/fonts/wico.wo... https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/icomoon/fonts/wico.woff2 — 200 — 4.9 KiB — 712 ms — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-bold-webfont.woff2/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-bold-w... https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/frankruhllibre-bold-webfont.woff2 — 200 — 24.2 KiB — 965 ms — http/1.1https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-bold-webfont.woff2/assets/fonts/roboto-bold-webfont.w... https://hku.hk/assets/fonts/roboto-bold-webfont.woff2 — 200 — 65.1 KiB — 1.5 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/f/flipboard/7738/527c345/tnl2024.jpg/f/flipboard/7738/527c345/tnl2024.j... https://hku.hk/f/flipboard/7738/527c345/tnl2024.jpg — 200 — 215.2 KiB — 1.7 s — http/1.1https://hku.hk/f/flipboard/7740/527c345/IMG_5829a.jpg/f/flipboard/7740/527c345/IMG_5829a... https://hku.hk/f/flipboard/7740/527c345/IMG_5829a.jpg — 200 — 238.7 KiB — 2.2 s — 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HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
24% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 400ms · 293KB · HK$30/mo
Unattributable
Other
Costly
Execution 283ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost HK$21/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Optional
Execution 63ms
Transfer 135 KB
Unused 51%
Monthly Cost HK$5/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Optional
Execution 54ms
Transfer 157 KB
Unused 42%
Monthly Cost HK$4/mo

These scripts may cost more than they're worth

  • Unattributable adds 283ms and costs ~HK$21/month

Unattributable takes 283ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

51% of Google Tag Manager's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

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