Skip to content
https://intechopen.com

Performance

· 15 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
71
GRADE
C
FIX
4
REVIEW
4
PASS
5
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

42
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
93
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
96
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
83
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

1.99 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

6.74 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

59 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.418

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

3.04 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

7.02 s

Page Load Progression

778 ms
1.6 s
2.3 s
3.1 s
3.9 s
4.7 s
5.4 s
6.2 s
Checks
15
5 PASS 4 REVIEW 4 FIX
F
Page Weight Budget
Action
29.0 MB transferred, 169 requests
FIX
29.0 MB transferred, 169 requests
Critical::
Page weighs 35.1 MB (29.0 MB transferred)
Warning::
Images are 7.5 MB — compress or use modern formats
Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.
Got: 7.5 MB
Warning::
JavaScript is 799 KB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 799 KB
Info::
Fonts are 322 KB — consider subsetting or using system fonts
Subset fonts to include only used characters, or switch to system font stacks.
Got: 322 KB
Warning::
169 HTTP requests — consider bundling or reducing
Each request adds latency. Bundle small files, use sprites, or eliminate unnecessary requests.
Info::
Estimated 6.1 g CO2 per page load
29.0 MB / 2.4 MB budget
29.0 MB transferred
169 requests
6.1 g CO2 per page load
Other 20.2 MiB 70%
Images 7.5 MiB 26%
JavaScript 799.1 KiB 3%
Fonts 321.9 KiB 1%
HTML 181.9 KiB 1%
Other 78.0 KiB 0%
Other 5.6 KiB 0%
CSS 5.4 KiB 0%
Other 4.3 KiB 0%
Other 555 B 0%
Other 551 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Over budget

Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.

Why this matters

Image bandwidth is high — modern formats (WebP/AVIF) and resizing typically cut it 50%+.

Source: web.dev

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

Subset fonts to include only used characters, or switch to system font stacks.

Why this matters

Font payload is large — subset to used glyphs only, or fall back to system fonts (zero load time).

Source: web.dev font loading

Each request adds latency. Bundle small files, use sprites, or eliminate unnecessary requests.

Why this matters

High HTTP request count — bundling, sprite-ing, and HTTP/2 server push can reduce per-request overhead.

Source: web.dev

D
Third-Party Impact
Action
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
FIX
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Warning::
Third-party code accounts for 100% of page weight (29.0 MiB of 29.0 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
100%
First-party Third-party
D
Page Weight Inventory
Action
169 resources · 29.0 MB · 254 KB savings available
FIX
169 resources · 29.0 MB · 254 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 28.0 MB over 1MB target
Got: 29.0 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~254 KB of savings available
Warning::
168 third-party resources (100% of weight)
Info::
12 resources over 200KB
169 resources · 29.0 MiB · 168 third-party 28.0 MiB over 1MB target
Media 70% · 20.2 MiB
Image 26% · 7.5 MiB
JavaScript 3% · 799.1 KiB
Font 1% · 321.9 KiB
Document 1% · 184.6 KiB
Other 0% · 84.7 KiB
CSS 0% · 5.4 KiB

~254.3 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 254.3 KiB
F
HTTP Caching
Action
No cache headers
FIX
No cache headers
Warning::
No Cache-Control header found
Browsers will use heuristic caching, which can be unpredictable. Set explicit cache headers.

No Cache-Control header

Adding a Cache-Control header can significantly improve repeat-visit performance.

C
Image Optimization
Action
114 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
114 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.9... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
114 images 7.5 MB
0 oversized -0 KB
113 legacy format
23 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

C
JS Execution Cost
Action
1278ms total JS execution
REVIEW
1278ms total JS execution
Warning::
Unattributable: 464ms CPU time
Warning::
https://www.intechopen.com/: 285ms CPU time
Info::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/...: 163ms CPU time
Info::
https://consent.cookiebot.com/011c3436-7d64-4a27-a...: 116ms CPU time
Info::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/...: 91ms CPU time
Warning::
Third-party scripts: 1278ms (100% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 36% Other 35% Style & Layout 12% Script Parsing & Compilation 7% Parse HTML & CSS 6%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
Unattributable464ms16ms0ms3rd
https://www.intechopen.com/285ms14ms24ms3rd
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/5.b0b9db04b8ae6d03450d.js163ms141ms1ms3rd
https://consent.cookiebot.com/011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f/cc.js?renew=false&referer=www.intechopen.com&dnt=false&init=false116ms52ms8ms3rd
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/app.2368e585da4403179512.js91ms71ms18ms3rd
https://cdn.userway.org/remediation/2026-04-14-10-40-20/paid/remediation-tool.js?ts=177616322080091ms86ms2ms3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DTTE7J8M7F69ms45ms10ms3rd
C
JS Bundles
Action
18 scripts, 254 KB unused
REVIEW
18 scripts, 254 KB unused
Warning::
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/...: 121 KB unused (60%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DTTE...: 61 KB unused (37%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://consent.cookiebot.com/011c3436-7d64-4a27-a...: 25 KB unused (23%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-14-10-40...: 25 KB unused (53%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js: 23 KB unused (64%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 254 KB
254 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/vendors~app.af92ceeaf02411c6f026.js211 KB121 KB (60%)3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DTTE7J8M7F163 KB61 KB (37%)3rd
https://consent.cookiebot.com/011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f/cc.js?renew=false&referer=www.intechopen.com&dnt=false&init=false108 KB25 KB (23%)3rd
https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-14-10-40-20/widget_app_base_1776163220800.js48 KB25 KB (53%)3rd
https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js36 KB23 KB (64%)3rd
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/js/adsLoader.js2 KB3rd
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/1.76c893091875fce2e959.js14 KB3rd
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/0.594e949525f6631a2829.js35 KB3rd
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/33.a30c089b07a0f71ca700.js44 KB3rd
https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/app.2368e585da4403179512.js64 KB3rd

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

C
Green Hosting
Action
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
REVIEW

Green Hosting

No green hosting detected

A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
7 fonts (322 KB)
PASS
7 fonts (322 KB)
Info::
7 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

7

322 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 7

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s 6.0 s 7.0 s FCP 2.0 s LCP 6.7 shttps://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woffrelative-faux.woff https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woff — 80.1 KiB — 21 ms — font-display: swaphttps://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.woff?v1.0InTech.woff https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.woff?v1.0 — 8.2 KiB — 16 ms — font-display: swaphttps://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Regular.woffFSBraboWeb-Regular.woff https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Regular.woff — 46.7 KiB — 20 ms — font-display: swaphttps://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.woff2relative-bold.woff2 https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.woff2 — 31.2 KiB — 17 ms — font-display: swaphttps://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Bold.woffFSBraboWeb-Bold.woff https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Bold.woff — 46.7 KiB — 12 ms — font-display: swaphttps://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.woff2relative-book-pro.woff2 https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.woff2 — 60.0 KiB — 14 ms — font-display: swaphttps://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Italic.woffFSBraboWeb-Italic.woff https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Italic.woff — 48.8 KiB — 4 ms — font-display: swap
relative-faux.woff woff swap
Size 80 KB
Load time 21 ms
Start 801 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
  • Convert to woff2 for ~30% smaller file size
InTech.woff woff swap
Size 8 KB
Load time 16 ms
Start 801 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
  • Convert to woff2 for ~30% smaller file size
FSBraboWeb-Regular.woff woff swap
Size 47 KB
Load time 20 ms
Start 802 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
  • Convert to woff2 for ~30% smaller file size
relative-bold.woff2 woff2 swap
Size 31 KB
Load time 17 ms
Start 802 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
FSBraboWeb-Bold.woff woff swap
Size 47 KB
Load time 12 ms
Start 818 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
  • Convert to woff2 for ~30% smaller file size
relative-book-pro.woff2 woff2 swap
Size 60 KB
Load time 14 ms
Start 819 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
FSBraboWeb-Italic.woff woff swap
Size 49 KB
Load time 4 ms
Start 929 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
  • Convert to woff2 for ~30% smaller file size
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)

Fixing the unchecked items could save ~69 KB and ~138 ms

A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
No optimization needed
PASS
No optimization needed
Info::
No resource hint issues
Network Waterfall
169 requests over 5633ms
INFO
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s 6.0 s 7.0 s FCP 2.0 s LCP 6.7 shttps://intechopen.com// https://intechopen.com/ — 301 — 87 B — 293 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/www.intechopen.com/ https://www.intechopen.com/ — 200 — 181.1 KiB — 630 ms — h2https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.jsconsent.cookiebot.com/uc.js https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js — 200 — 35.7 KiB — 65 ms — h2https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DTTE7J8M7Fwww.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DTTE7J8M7F — 200 — 163.3 KiB — 162 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/manifest.4122c1abb8d95a244a97.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/manifest.4122c1abb8d95a244a97.js — 200 — 3.1 KiB — 26 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/vendors~app.af92ceeaf02411c6f026.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/vendors~app.af92ceeaf02411c6f026.js — 200 — 210.9 KiB — 43 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/app.2368e585da4403179512.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/app.2368e585da4403179512.js — 200 — 63.9 KiB — 41 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/33.a30c089b07a0f71ca700.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/33.a30c089b07a0f71ca700.js — 200 — 43.9 KiB — 40 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/1.76c893091875fce2e959.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/1.76c893091875fce2e959.js — 200 — 13.6 KiB — 30 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/0.594e949525f6631a2829.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/0.594e949525f6631a2829.js — 200 — 35.2 KiB — 40 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/js/adsLoader.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/js/adsLoader.js — 200 — 2.2 KiB — 4 ms — h2https://consentcdn.cookiebot.com/consentconfig/011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f/settings.jsonconsentcdn.cookiebot.com/consentcon... https://consentcdn.cookiebot.com/consentconfig/011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f/settings.json — 200 — 939 B — 44 ms — h2https://consent.cookiebot.com/011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f/cc.js?renew=false&referer=www.intechopen.com&dnt=false&init=falseconsent.cookiebot.com/011c3436-7d64... https://consent.cookiebot.com/011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f/cc.js?renew=false&referer=www.intechopen.com&dnt=false&init=false — 200 — 108.2 KiB — 83 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/site.webmanifestwww.intechopen.com/site.webmanifest https://www.intechopen.com/site.webmanifest — 200 — 555 B — 332 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/logoHome.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/logoHome.svg — 200 — 2.5 KiB — 18 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/arrow_right.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/arrow_right.svg — 200 — 923 B — 37 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/1591/1718268554-726901/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/1591/1718268554... https://cdnintech.com/books/1591/1718268554-726901/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 86.6 KiB — 117 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/3789/1718271609-378087935/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/3789/1718271609... https://cdnintech.com/books/3789/1718271609-378087935/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 67.3 KiB — 43 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/public/images/invitation_page/Nobel_Head_Small.pngcdnintech.com/public/images/invitat... https://cdnintech.com/public/images/invitation_page/Nobel_Head_Small.png — 200 — 4.8 KiB — 20 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/5787/1718273601-1097852179/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/5787/1718273601... https://cdnintech.com/books/5787/1718273601-1097852179/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 84.6 KiB — 49 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/8427/1718277977-1087328360/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/8427/1718277977... https://cdnintech.com/books/8427/1718277977-1087328360/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 223.2 KiB — 48 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/10445/1718280072-399735011/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/10445/171828007... https://cdnintech.com/books/10445/1718280072-399735011/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 87.3 KiB — 43 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/10674/1718280379-110458738/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/10674/171828037... https://cdnintech.com/books/10674/1718280379-110458738/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 84.6 KiB — 64 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/1003912/1744353931-2131354844/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/1003912/1744353... https://cdnintech.com/books/1003912/1744353931-2131354844/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 96.2 KiB — 58 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/1003597/1721026978-111936806/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/1003597/1721026... https://cdnintech.com/books/1003597/1721026978-111936806/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 108.4 KiB — 112 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/StepsDesktop-lightNew.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/StepsDesktop-lightNew.svg — 200 — 8.4 KiB — 20 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/fast_clock.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/fast_clock.svg — 200 — 1.3 KiB — 20 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/open_submission_new.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/open_submission_new.svg — 200 — 965 B — 21 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/series.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/series.svg — 200 — 3.0 KiB — 22 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/barcode.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/barcode.svg — 200 — 1.2 KiB — 23 ms — h2
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s 6.0 s 7.0 s FCP 2.0 s LCP 6.7 shttps://intechopen.com// https://intechopen.com/ — 301 — 87 B — 293 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/www.intechopen.com/ https://www.intechopen.com/ — 200 — 181.1 KiB — 630 ms — h2https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.jsconsent.cookiebot.com/uc.js https://consent.cookiebot.com/uc.js — 200 — 35.7 KiB — 65 ms — h2https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DTTE7J8M7Fwww.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-DTTE7J8M7F — 200 — 163.3 KiB — 162 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/manifest.4122c1abb8d95a244a97.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/manifest.4122c1abb8d95a244a97.js — 200 — 3.1 KiB — 26 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/vendors~app.af92ceeaf02411c6f026.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/vendors~app.af92ceeaf02411c6f026.js — 200 — 210.9 KiB — 43 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/app.2368e585da4403179512.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/app.2368e585da4403179512.js — 200 — 63.9 KiB — 41 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/33.a30c089b07a0f71ca700.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/33.a30c089b07a0f71ca700.js — 200 — 43.9 KiB — 40 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/1.76c893091875fce2e959.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/1.76c893091875fce2e959.js — 200 — 13.6 KiB — 30 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/0.594e949525f6631a2829.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/0.594e949525f6631a2829.js — 200 — 35.2 KiB — 40 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/js/adsLoader.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/js/adsLoader.js — 200 — 2.2 KiB — 4 ms — h2https://consentcdn.cookiebot.com/consentconfig/011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f/settings.jsonconsentcdn.cookiebot.com/consentcon... https://consentcdn.cookiebot.com/consentconfig/011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f/settings.json — 200 — 939 B — 44 ms — h2https://consent.cookiebot.com/011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f/cc.js?renew=false&referer=www.intechopen.com&dnt=false&init=falseconsent.cookiebot.com/011c3436-7d64... https://consent.cookiebot.com/011c3436-7d64-4a27-ac89-ad262dbcfb8f/cc.js?renew=false&referer=www.intechopen.com&dnt=false&init=false — 200 — 108.2 KiB — 83 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/site.webmanifestwww.intechopen.com/site.webmanifest https://www.intechopen.com/site.webmanifest — 200 — 555 B — 332 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/logoHome.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/logoHome.svg — 200 — 2.5 KiB — 18 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/arrow_right.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/arrow_right.svg — 200 — 923 B — 37 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/1591/1718268554-726901/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/1591/1718268554... https://cdnintech.com/books/1591/1718268554-726901/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 86.6 KiB — 117 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/3789/1718271609-378087935/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/3789/1718271609... https://cdnintech.com/books/3789/1718271609-378087935/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 67.3 KiB — 43 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/public/images/invitation_page/Nobel_Head_Small.pngcdnintech.com/public/images/invitat... https://cdnintech.com/public/images/invitation_page/Nobel_Head_Small.png — 200 — 4.8 KiB — 20 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/5787/1718273601-1097852179/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/5787/1718273601... https://cdnintech.com/books/5787/1718273601-1097852179/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 84.6 KiB — 49 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/8427/1718277977-1087328360/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/8427/1718277977... https://cdnintech.com/books/8427/1718277977-1087328360/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 223.2 KiB — 48 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/10445/1718280072-399735011/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/10445/171828007... https://cdnintech.com/books/10445/1718280072-399735011/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 87.3 KiB — 43 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/10674/1718280379-110458738/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/10674/171828037... https://cdnintech.com/books/10674/1718280379-110458738/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 84.6 KiB — 64 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/1003912/1744353931-2131354844/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/1003912/1744353... https://cdnintech.com/books/1003912/1744353931-2131354844/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 96.2 KiB — 58 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/books/1003597/1721026978-111936806/web-cover.jpgcdnintech.com/books/1003597/1721026... https://cdnintech.com/books/1003597/1721026978-111936806/web-cover.jpg — 200 — 108.4 KiB — 112 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/StepsDesktop-lightNew.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/StepsDesktop-lightNew.svg — 200 — 8.4 KiB — 20 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/fast_clock.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/fast_clock.svg — 200 — 1.3 KiB — 20 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/open_submission_new.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/open_submission_new.svg — 200 — 965 B — 21 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/series.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/series.svg — 200 — 3.0 KiB — 22 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/barcode.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/barcode.svg — 200 — 1.2 KiB — 23 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/63994/1774994714/profile/image1.jpgcdnintech.com/media/author/63994/17... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/63994/1774994714/profile/image1.jpg — 200 — 8.8 KiB — 50 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/home/wos.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/home/wos.svg — 200 — 58.0 KiB — 32 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/462000/1693380696/profile/image1.jpgcdnintech.com/media/author/462000/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/462000/1693380696/profile/image1.jpg — 200 — 330.8 KiB — 62 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/352341/1765955755/profile/image1.jpgcdnintech.com/media/author/352341/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/352341/1765955755/profile/image1.jpg — 200 — 21.6 KiB — 58 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/11981/1774994896/profile/image1.pngcdnintech.com/media/author/11981/17... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/11981/1774994896/profile/image1.png — 200 — 97.9 KiB — 59 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/115304/1604448294/profile/image1.jpgcdnintech.com/media/author/115304/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/115304/1604448294/profile/image1.jpg — 200 — 6.9 KiB — 60 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/img/BoxPhoto.d419341a.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/img/BoxPhoto.d419341a.png — 200 — 8.5 KiB — 23 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/img/BoxPhoto2.7875f832.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/img/BoxPhoto2.7875f832.png — 200 — 9.9 KiB — 25 ms — h2https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpgcdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.... https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/6.jpg — 200 — 332.2 KiB — 891 ms — h2https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpgcdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.... https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/7.jpg — 200 — 233.6 KiB — 888 ms — h2https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpgcdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11... https://cdn.intechopen.com/series/covers/11.jpg — 200 — 28.0 KiB — 494 ms — h2https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpgcdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new... https://cdn.intechopen.com/books/images_new/2270.jpg — 200 — 33.5 KiB — 593 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/img/headerbackground.282cc378.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/img/headerbackground.282cc378.png — 200 — 120.0 KiB — 30 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woffcdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relati... https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-faux.woff — 200 — 80.1 KiB — 21 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.woff?v1.0cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech... https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/InTech.woff?v1.0 — 200 — 8.2 KiB — 16 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Regular.woffcdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBrab... https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Regular.woff — 200 — 46.7 KiB — 20 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.woff2cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relati... https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-bold.woff2 — 200 — 31.2 KiB — 17 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Bold.woffcdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBrab... https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Bold.woff — 200 — 46.7 KiB — 12 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.woff2cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relati... https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/relative-book-pro.woff2 — 200 — 60.0 KiB — 14 ms — h2https://cdn.intechopen.com/public/videos/homepage_20_years.mp4cdn.intechopen.com/public/videos/ho... https://cdn.intechopen.com/public/videos/homepage_20_years.mp4 — 206 — 3.4 MiB — 3.1 s — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/141524/1604448294/profile/image1.jpgcdnintech.com/media/author/141524/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/141524/1604448294/profile/image1.jpg — 200 — 887.0 KiB — 122 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/197501/1776076634/profile/image1.pngcdnintech.com/media/author/197501/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/197501/1776076634/profile/image1.png — 200 — 522.3 KiB — 99 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/219757/1604448294/profile/image1.jpgcdnintech.com/media/author/219757/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/219757/1604448294/profile/image1.jpg — 200 — 132.7 KiB — 103 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/14454/1770369159/profile/image1.pngcdnintech.com/media/author/14454/17... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/14454/1770369159/profile/image1.png — 200 — 222.7 KiB — 95 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/home/nobel.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/home/nobel.png — 200 — 1.7 KiB — 9 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/348921/1755062945/profile/image1.jpgcdnintech.com/media/author/348921/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/348921/1755062945/profile/image1.jpg — 200 — 1.1 MiB — 257 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/235057/1718799006/profile/image1.jpgcdnintech.com/media/author/235057/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/235057/1718799006/profile/image1.jpg — 200 — 74.8 KiB — 219 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/172845/1760081939/profile/image1.jpgcdnintech.com/media/author/172845/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/172845/1760081939/profile/image1.jpg — 200 — 4.8 KiB — 241 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/451559/1742555340/profile/image1.pngcdnintech.com/media/author/451559/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/451559/1742555340/profile/image1.png — 200 — 81.6 KiB — 225 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/279275/1683608921/profile/image1.jpgcdnintech.com/media/author/279275/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/279275/1683608921/profile/image1.jpg — 200 — 44.8 KiB — 229 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/media/author/543958/1734031032/profile/image1.pngcdnintech.com/media/author/543958/1... https://cdnintech.com/media/author/543958/1734031032/profile/image1.png — 200 — 106.0 KiB — 245 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/subjects/1.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/subjects/1.svg — 200 — 1.6 KiB — 101 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/subjects/2.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/subjects/2.svg — 200 — 2.4 KiB — 102 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/subjects/3.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/subjects/3.svg — 200 — 883 B — 108 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/subjects/4.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/subjects/4.svg — 200 — 819 B — 110 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/journals.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/journals.svg — 200 — 9.1 KiB — 104 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/OpenAccessLock.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/OpenAccessLock.svg — 200 — 1.1 KiB — 104 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/BookSectionOpen.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/BookSectionOpen.svg — 200 — 1.0 KiB — 100 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/ThreePeople.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/ThreePeople.svg — 200 — 1010 B — 102 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/PeerReview.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/PeerReview.svg — 200 — 1.0 KiB — 105 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/sdg-publishers-compact-wheel.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/sdg-publishers-compact-wheel.png — 200 — 184.2 KiB — 168 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/acrt-bg.jpgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/acrt-bg.jpg — 200 — 162.1 KiB — 123 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/acrt-logo.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/acrt-logo.svg — 200 — 15.4 KiB — 111 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/acrt-vertical.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/acrt-vertical.svg — 200 — 15.9 KiB — 114 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/arrow_right-ivory.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/arrow_right-ivory.svg — 200 — 896 B — 154 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/dmht-bg.jpgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/dmht-bg.jpg — 200 — 76.7 KiB — 127 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/dmht-logo.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/dmht-logo.svg — 200 — 14.9 KiB — 118 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/dmht-vertical.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/dmht-vertical.svg — 200 — 15.6 KiB — 120 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/geet-bg.jpgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/geet-bg.jpg — 200 — 74.7 KiB — 145 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/geet-logo.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/geet-logo.svg — 200 — 15.4 KiB — 127 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/geet-vertical.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/logo/geet-vertical.svg — 200 — 16.1 KiB — 130 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/authors_first.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/authors_first.svg — 200 — 792 B — 158 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/peer_review.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/peer_review.svg — 200 — 1.3 KiB — 159 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/online_first_2.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/online_first_2.svg — 200 — 2.2 KiB — 131 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/open_access.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/series/icons/open_access.svg — 200 — 1014 B — 132 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/CityUniversityofHongKong.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/CityUniversityofHongKong.svg — 200 — 4.7 KiB — 161 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/IowaUniversity.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/IowaUniversity.png — 200 — 6.2 KiB — 132 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/FudanUniversity.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/FudanUniversity.png — 200 — 7.2 KiB — 134 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/kingsCollege.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/kingsCollege.svg — 200 — 3.2 KiB — 141 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/PekingUniversity.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/PekingUniversity.png — 200 — 31.5 KiB — 143 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/seoul.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/seoul.svg — 200 — 8.6 KiB — 144 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/TsinghuaUniversity.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/TsinghuaUniversity.png — 200 — 60.3 KiB — 146 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UMassAmherst.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UMassAmherst.png — 200 — 21.5 KiB — 148 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UniversidaddeBuenosAires.jpegcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UniversidaddeBuenosAires.jpeg — 200 — 10.7 KiB — 230 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UniversidadReyJuanCarlosdeMadrid.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UniversidadReyJuanCarlosdeMadrid.png — 200 — 4.4 KiB — 160 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UniversitatdeBarcelona.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UniversitatdeBarcelona.png — 200 — 35.0 KiB — 162 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UniversitedeStrasbourg.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UniversitedeStrasbourg.png — 200 — 3.6 KiB — 163 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UniversityofKansas.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/UniversityofKansas.png — 200 — 5.4 KiB — 164 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/LogoCSIC.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/LogoCSIC.png — 200 — 18.1 KiB — 166 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/universityofsurreylogo.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/universities/universityofsurreylogo.png — 200 — 28.3 KiB — 169 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/580www.intechopen.com/media/original/5... https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/580 — 302 — 266 B — 187 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/570www.intechopen.com/media/original/5... https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/570 — 302 — 266 B — 186 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/554www.intechopen.com/media/original/5... https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/554 — 302 — 266 B — 186 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/530www.intechopen.com/media/original/5... https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/530 — 302 — 266 B — 186 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/410www.intechopen.com/media/original/4... https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/410 — 302 — 266 B — 185 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/406www.intechopen.com/media/original/4... https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/406 — 302 — 266 B — 184 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/402www.intechopen.com/media/original/4... https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/402 — 302 — 266 B — 182 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/405www.intechopen.com/media/original/4... https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/405 — 302 — 266 B — 183 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/325www.intechopen.com/media/original/3... https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/325 — 302 — 266 B — 182 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/357www.intechopen.com/media/original/3... https://www.intechopen.com/media/original/357 — 302 — 266 B — 182 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/welcome-v4/left_arrow_beige.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/welcome-v4/left_arrow_beige.png — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 169 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/welcome-v4/right_arrow_beige.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/welcome-v4/right_arrow_beige.png — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 166 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/oaspa-logo.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/oaspa-logo.svg — 200 — 1.5 KiB — 167 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/stm-member-2026.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/stm-member-2026.png — 200 — 468.5 KiB — 212 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/alpsp2.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/alpsp2.svg — 200 — 23.0 KiB — 199 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/uksg-logo.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/uksg-logo.png — 200 — 47.3 KiB — 202 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/cope.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/cope.svg — 200 — 1.7 KiB — 170 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/orcid.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/orcid.svg — 200 — 7.4 KiB — 177 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/databases/doab.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/databases/doab.png — 200 — 11.2 KiB — 198 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/dimension.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/dimension.svg — 200 — 40.6 KiB — 200 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/ku.pngcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/ku.png — 200 — 91.9 KiB — 209 ms — h2https://assets.crossref.org/logo/crossref-logo-landscape-200.svgassets.crossref.org/logo/crossref-l... https://assets.crossref.org/logo/crossref-logo-landscape-200.svg — 200 — 3.2 KiB — 207 ms — http/1.1https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/doi.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/institutions/doi.svg — 200 — 1.6 KiB — 177 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/industry/cc.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/industry/cc.svg — 200 — 1.5 KiB — 154 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/20logo.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/20logo.svg — 200 — 3.5 KiB — 157 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/x.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/x.svg — 200 — 737 B — 151 ms — h2https://consentcdn.cookiebot.com/sdk/bc-v4.min.htmlconsentcdn.cookiebot.com/sdk/bc-v4.... https://consentcdn.cookiebot.com/sdk/bc-v4.min.html — 200 — 809 B — 30 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/facebook.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/facebook.svg — 200 — 803 B — 154 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/linkedin.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/linkedin.svg — 200 — 976 B — 153 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/instagram.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/instagram.svg — 200 — 937 B — 160 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/bluesky.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/bluesky.svg — 200 — 1.0 KiB — 154 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/youtube.svgcdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/svg/youtube.svg — 200 — 852 B — 155 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Italic.woffcdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBrab... https://cdnintech.com/web/fonts/v1.1/FSBraboWeb-Italic.woff — 200 — 48.8 KiB — 4 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/intro.mp4cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/asse... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/assets/06.98/journals/intro.mp4 — 206 — 16.8 MiB — 158 ms — h2https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/402api.intechopen.com/media/original/4... https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/402 — 200 — 54.9 KiB — 475 ms — h2https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/570api.intechopen.com/media/original/5... https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/570 — 200 — 58.1 KiB — 477 ms — h2https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/325api.intechopen.com/media/original/3... https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/325 — 200 — 79.8 KiB — 549 ms — h2https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/357api.intechopen.com/media/original/3... https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/357 — 200 — 52.6 KiB — 446 ms — h2https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/405api.intechopen.com/media/original/4... https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/405 — 200 — 50.6 KiB — 476 ms — h2https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/580api.intechopen.com/media/original/5... https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/580 — 200 — 66.3 KiB — 547 ms — h2https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/406api.intechopen.com/media/original/4... https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/406 — 200 — 95.9 KiB — 548 ms — h2https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/410api.intechopen.com/media/original/4... https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/410 — 200 — 110.5 KiB — 550 ms — h2https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/530api.intechopen.com/media/original/5... https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/530 — 200 — 55.3 KiB — 472 ms — h2https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/554api.intechopen.com/media/original/5... https://api.intechopen.com/media/original/554 — 200 — 101.6 KiB — 550 ms — h2https://cdn.userway.org/widget.jscdn.userway.org/widget.js https://cdn.userway.org/widget.js — 200 — 1.6 KiB — 109 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/8.c74a45e41d07a86ecde2.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/8.c74a45e41d07a86ecde2.js — 200 — 3.2 KiB — 4 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/5.b0b9db04b8ae6d03450d.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/5.b0b9db04b8ae6d03450d.js — 200 — 6.3 KiB — 6 ms — h2data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAA…data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAA... data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAABIAAAASCAYAAABWzo5XAAAACXBIWXMAAAsTAAALEwEAmpwYAAAAA… — 200 — 0 B — 0 ms — datahttps://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-14-10-40-20/widget_app_base_1776163220800.jscdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-1... https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-14-10-40-20/widget_app_base_1776163220800.js — 200 — 47.8 KiB — 152 ms — h2https://region1.analytics.google.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-DTTE7J8M7F&gtm=45je64h1h1v9100878593za200zd9100878593&_p=1776813970498&_gaz=1&gcd=13l3lPl2l1l1&npa=1&dma_cps=a&dma=1&gdid=dMWZhNz&ecid=1631818644&_eu=AAAAAGA&are=1&cid=1643248855.1776813971&frm=0&pscdl=noapi&rcb=6&sr=800x600&uaa=x86&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.101%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=&uamb=0&uap=macOS&uapv=10.15.7&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115616985~115938466~115938468~117266401~117512542~118463261&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2F&dt=IntechOpen%20-%20Open%20Science%20Open%20Minds%20%7C%20IntechOpen&sid=1776813971&sct=1&seg=0&en=page_view&_fv=1&_nsi=1&_ss=1&_ee=1&ep.debug_mode=false&ep.page_subdomain=www&ep.page_class=home&epn.first_time_load=1595&epn.first_time_load_count=1&tfd=1607region1.analytics.google.com/g/coll... https://region1.analytics.google.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-DTTE7J8M7F&gtm=45je64h1h1v9100878593za200zd9100878593&_p=1776813970498&_gaz=1&gcd=13l3lPl2l1l1&npa=1&dma_cps=a&dma=1&gdid=dMWZhNz&ecid=1631818644&_eu=AAAAAGA&are=1&cid=1643248855.1776813971&frm=0&pscdl=noapi&rcb=6&sr=800x600&uaa=x86&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.101%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=&uamb=0&uap=macOS&uapv=10.15.7&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115616985~115938466~115938468~117266401~117512542~118463261&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2F&dt=IntechOpen%20-%20Open%20Science%20Open%20Minds%20%7C%20IntechOpen&sid=1776813971&sct=1&seg=0&en=page_view&_fv=1&_nsi=1&_ss=1&_ee=1&ep.debug_mode=false&ep.page_subdomain=www&ep.page_class=home&epn.first_time_load=1595&epn.first_time_load_count=1&tfd=1607 — 204 — 551 B — 152 ms — h2https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-DTTE7J8M7F&cid=1643248855.1776813971&gtm=45je64h1h1v9100878593za200zd9100878593&rcb=6&aip=1&dma=1&dma_cps=a&gcd=13l3lPl2l1l1&npa=1&frm=0&tag_exp=0~115616985~115938466~115938468~117266401~117512542~118463261stats.g.doubleclick.net/g/collect?v... https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-DTTE7J8M7F&cid=1643248855.1776813971&gtm=45je64h1h1v9100878593za200zd9100878593&rcb=6&aip=1&dma=1&dma_cps=a&gcd=13l3lPl2l1l1&npa=1&frm=0&tag_exp=0~115616985~115938466~115938468~117266401~117512542~118463261 — 204 — 551 B — 74 ms — h2https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/114.ec2737de0a4abe2e79a4.jscdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist... https://cdnintech.com/web/frontend/www/dist/06.98/js/114.ec2737de0a4abe2e79a4.js — 200 — 1009 B — 5 ms — h2https://www.google.es/ads/ga-audiences?v=1&t=sr&slf_rd=1&_r=4&tid=G-DTTE7J8M7F&cid=1643248855.1776813971&gtm=45je64h1h1v9100878593za200zd9100878593&rcb=6&aip=1&dma=1&dma_cps=a&gcd=13l3lPl2l1l1&npa=1&frm=0&tag_exp=0~115616985~115938466~115938468~117266401~117512542~118463261&z=337685842www.google.es/ads/ga-audiences?v=1&... https://www.google.es/ads/ga-audiences?v=1&t=sr&slf_rd=1&_r=4&tid=G-DTTE7J8M7F&cid=1643248855.1776813971&gtm=45je64h1h1v9100878593za200zd9100878593&rcb=6&aip=1&dma=1&dma_cps=a&gcd=13l3lPl2l1l1&npa=1&frm=0&tag_exp=0~115616985~115938466~115938468~117266401~117512542~118463261&z=337685842 — 200 — 408 B — 77 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/api/v1/shop/get-user-profilewww.intechopen.com/api/v1/shop/get-... https://www.intechopen.com/api/v1/shop/get-user-profile — 200 — 446 B — 110 ms — h2https://region1.analytics.google.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-DTTE7J8M7F&gtm=45je64h1h1v9100878593za200zd9100878593&_p=1776813970498&gcd=13l3lPl2l1l1&npa=1&dma_cps=a&dma=1&gdid=dMWZhNz&ecid=1631818644&_eu=AgAAAGQ&are=1&cid=1643248855.1776813971&frm=0&pscdl=noapi&rcb=6&sr=800x600&uaa=x86&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.101%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=&uamb=0&uap=macOS&uapv=10.15.7&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=2&tag_exp=0~115616985~115938466~115938468~117266401~117512542~118463261&sid=1776813971&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2F&dt=IntechOpen%20-%20Open%20Science%20Open%20Minds%20%7C%20IntechOpen&en=dom_load_time&_ee=1&ep.debug_mode=false&ep.page_class=home&epn.dom_load_time=1304&epn.dom_load_time_count=1&_et=130&tfd=1744region1.analytics.google.com/g/coll... https://region1.analytics.google.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-DTTE7J8M7F&gtm=45je64h1h1v9100878593za200zd9100878593&_p=1776813970498&gcd=13l3lPl2l1l1&npa=1&dma_cps=a&dma=1&gdid=dMWZhNz&ecid=1631818644&_eu=AgAAAGQ&are=1&cid=1643248855.1776813971&frm=0&pscdl=noapi&rcb=6&sr=800x600&uaa=x86&uab=64&uafvl=Chromium%3B147.0.7727.101%7CNot.A%252FBrand%3B8.0.0.0&uam=&uamb=0&uap=macOS&uapv=10.15.7&uaw=0&ul=en-us&_s=2&tag_exp=0~115616985~115938466~115938468~117266401~117512542~118463261&sid=1776813971&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intechopen.com%2F&dt=IntechOpen%20-%20Open%20Science%20Open%20Minds%20%7C%20IntechOpen&en=dom_load_time&_ee=1&ep.debug_mode=false&ep.page_class=home&epn.dom_load_time=1304&epn.dom_load_time_count=1&_et=130&tfd=1744 — 204 — 48 B — 55 ms — h2https://api.userway.org/api/v1/tunings/EYg6VAKWE6api.userway.org/api/v1/tunings/EYg6... https://api.userway.org/api/v1/tunings/EYg6VAKWE6 — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 534 ms — h2https://www.intechopen.com/favicon-32x32.pngwww.intechopen.com/favicon-32x32.pn... https://www.intechopen.com/favicon-32x32.png — 200 — 1.7 KiB — 103 ms — h2https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-14-10-40-20/locales/en-US.jsoncdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-1... https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-14-10-40-20/locales/en-US.json — 200 — 990 B — 31 ms — h2https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-14-10-40-20/remediation/remediation_1776163220800.jscdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-1... https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-14-10-40-20/remediation/remediation_1776163220800.js — 200 — 13.7 KiB — 67 ms — h2https://cdn.userway.org/remediations/consolidated/2459705/klCTlHsIaxpl6sjV.jsoncdn.userway.org/remediations/consol... https://cdn.userway.org/remediations/consolidated/2459705/klCTlHsIaxpl6sjV.json — 200 — 75.7 KiB — 63 ms — h2https://cdn.userway.org/styles/2026-04-14-10-40-20/widget_base.css?v=1776163220800cdn.userway.org/styles/2026-04-14-1... https://cdn.userway.org/styles/2026-04-14-10-40-20/widget_base.css?v=1776163220800 — 200 — 5.4 KiB — 26 ms — h2https://cdn.userway.org/styles/2026-04-14-10-40-20/widget_base.css?v=1776163220800cdn.userway.org/styles/2026-04-14-1... https://cdn.userway.org/styles/2026-04-14-10-40-20/widget_base.css?v=1776163220800 — 200 — 0 B — 28 ms — h2https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/images/body_wh.svgcdn.userway.org/widgetapp/images/bo... https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/images/body_wh.svg — 200 — 2.7 KiB — 26 ms — h2https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/images/spin_wh.svgcdn.userway.org/widgetapp/images/sp... https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/images/spin_wh.svg — 200 — 1.2 KiB — 27 ms — h2https://cdn.userway.org/remediation/2026-04-14-10-40-20/paid/remediation-tool.js?ts=1776163220800cdn.userway.org/remediation/2026-04... https://cdn.userway.org/remediation/2026-04-14-10-40-20/paid/remediation-tool.js?ts=1776163220800 — 200 — 38.9 KiB — 34 ms — h2https://cdn.userway.org/remediations/consolidated/2459705/klCTlHsIaxpl6sjV.jsoncdn.userway.org/remediations/consol... https://cdn.userway.org/remediations/consolidated/2459705/klCTlHsIaxpl6sjV.json — 200 — 0 B — 4 ms — h2https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-14-10-40-20/remediation/nav_menu_helper_1776163220800.jscdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-1... https://cdn.userway.org/widgetapp/2026-04-14-10-40-20/remediation/nav_menu_helper_1776163220800.js — 200 — 6.7 KiB — 31 ms — h2https://api.userway.org/api/br-links/v0/links/2459705api.userway.org/api/br-links/v0/lin... https://api.userway.org/api/br-links/v0/links/2459705 — 200 — 3.6 KiB — 183 ms — h2https://api.userway.org/api/br-links/v0/links/2459705api.userway.org/api/br-links/v0/lin... https://api.userway.org/api/br-links/v0/links/2459705 — 200 — 0 B — 1 ms — h2
HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
100% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 1278ms · 562KB · €14/mo
Unattributable
Other
Costly
Execution 464ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost €5/mo
www.intechopen.com
Other
Costly
Execution 285ms
Transfer 181 KB
Monthly Cost €3/mo
cdnintech.com
Other
Optional
Execution 163ms
Transfer 6 KB
Monthly Cost €2/mo
consent.cookiebot.com
Other
Optional
Execution 116ms
Transfer 108 KB
Unused 23%
Monthly Cost €1/mo
cdnintech.com
Other
Optional
Execution 91ms
Transfer 64 KB
Monthly Cost €1/mo
cdn.userway.org
Other
Optional
Execution 91ms
Transfer 39 KB
Monthly Cost €1/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Optional
Execution 69ms
Transfer 163 KB
Unused 37%
Monthly Cost €1/mo

These scripts may cost more than they're worth

  • Unattributable adds 464ms and costs ~€5/month
  • www.intechopen.com adds 285ms and costs ~€3/month

100% of JavaScript execution time is spent on third-party scripts. Consider auditing which scripts are essential.

Why this matters

When third-party JS execution time exceeds your own, performance gains from frontend work are capped by code you don't own.

Learn more

Every millisecond of third-party JS competes with your own for main-thread time. If their share is bigger than yours, optimization on your code base barely moves the needle. Audit, defer, or remove third-parties before further frontend optimization. Use Lighthouse's third-party audit to identify the worst offenders.

Source: web.dev

Unattributable takes 464ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

www.intechopen.com takes 285ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

Send Feedback