Skip to content
https://gale.com

Performance

· 17 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
73
GRADE
C
FIX
5
REVIEW
1
PASS
9
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
11
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
93
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
73
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
92
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

2.12 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

53.67 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

2.29 s

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.935

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

12.22 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

58.73 s

Page Load Progression

709 ms
1.4 s
2.1 s
2.8 s
3.5 s
4.3 s
5.0 s
5.7 s
Checks
17
9 PASS 1 REVIEW 5 FIX
F
Page Weight Budget
Action
10.6 MB transferred, 78 requests
FIX
10.6 MB transferred, 78 requests
Critical::
Page weighs 16.0 MB (10.6 MB transferred)
Warning::
Images are 8.4 MB — compress or use modern formats
Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.
Got: 8.4 MB
Warning::
JavaScript is 2.0 MB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 2.0 MB
Info::
78 HTTP requests
Info::
Estimated 2.2 g CO2 per page load
10.6 MB / 2.4 MB budget
10.6 MB transferred
78 requests
2.2 g CO2 per page load
Images 8.4 MiB 79%
JavaScript 2.0 MiB 19%
Fonts 76.2 KiB 1%
HTML 45.6 KiB 0%
Other 38.6 KiB 0%
Other 9.6 KiB 0%
Other 4.1 KiB 0%
CSS 3.3 KiB 0%
Other 544 B 0%
Other 0 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Over budget

Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.

Why this matters

Image bandwidth is high — modern formats (WebP/AVIF) and resizing typically cut it 50%+.

Source: web.dev

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

F
JS Execution Cost
Action
7622ms total JS execution
FIX
7622ms total JS execution
Warning::
https://gale.com/: 1025ms CPU time
Warning::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B....: 874ms CPU time
Warning::
https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-g...: 830ms CPU time
Warning::
Unattributable: 812ms CPU time
Warning::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da...: 772ms CPU time
Warning::
Third-party scripts: 3938ms (52% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 61% Other 13% Style & Layout 10% Script Parsing & Compilation 9%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
https://gale.com/1025ms14ms1ms1st
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B...route%5D%5D-542f25c2be475656.js874ms872ms1ms1st
https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-gtm-wrapper-2.36.9.min.js.br830ms649ms48ms3rd
Unattributable812ms159ms0ms3rd
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2af1d2f63fc67.js772ms685ms20ms1st
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MCRG9V&gtm_auth=&gtm_preview=&gtm_cookies_win=x714ms633ms55ms3rd
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c83a3d11e723311.js549ms314ms70ms1st
https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/otBannerSdk.js477ms276ms55ms3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-WN1FMW4M6P&cx=c&gtm=4e64k0353ms300ms48ms3rd
https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js182ms139ms40ms3rd

Showing top 10 of 20 scripts

F
JS Bundles
Action
26 scripts, 914 KB unused
FIX
26 scripts, 914 KB unused
Warning::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755...: 174 KB unused (86%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af72...: 172 KB unused (69%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c...: 129 KB unused (62%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d1560...: 120 KB unused (26%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-WN1F...: 66 KB unused (42%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 914 KB
914 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755a6ff828.js207 KB174 KB (86%)✓1st
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af72274284711cbf.js254 KB172 KB (69%)✓1st
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c83a3d11e723311.js212 KB129 KB (62%)✓1st
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d15603773735.js478 KB120 KB (26%)✓1st
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-WN1FMW4M6P&cx=c&gtm=4e64k0158 KB66 KB (42%)✓3rd
https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/otBannerSdk.js123 KB66 KB (53%)✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MCRG9V&gtm_auth=&gtm_preview=&gtm_cookies_win=x150 KB58 KB (39%)✓3rd
https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-gtm-wrapper-2.36.9.min.js.br80 KB49 KB (62%)✓3rd
https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js97 KB34 KB (35%)✓3rd
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2af1d2f63fc67.js63 KB23 KB (40%)✓1st

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

D
Page Weight Inventory
Action
78 resources · 10.6 MB · 914 KB savings available
FIX
78 resources · 10.6 MB · 914 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 9.6 MB over 1MB target
Got: 10.6 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~914 KB of savings available
Info::
57 third-party resources (9% of weight)
Info::
5 resources over 200KB
78 resources · 10.6 MiB · 57 third-party 9.6 MiB over 1MB target
Image 79% · 8.4 MiB
JavaScript 19% · 2.0 MiB
Font 1% · 76.2 KiB
Document 0% · 46.4 KiB
Other 0% · 40.2 KiB
CSS 0% · 7.9 KiB

~914.3 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 914.3 KiB
D
HTTP Caching
Action
no-store (uncacheable)
FIX
no-store (uncacheable)
Info::
Cache-Control: no-store prevents all caching
Intentional for dynamic content, but increases server load for every page view.
Got: private, no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate
Info::
No ETag or Last-Modified header
Conditional requests (304 Not Modified) are not possible without validators.
Cache-Control

private, no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate

DirectiveValueMeaning
private—Only browser cache, not CDN/proxy
no-cache—Cache but always revalidate first
no-store—Never cache this response
max-age0Cache for 0 seconds
must-revalidate—Must recheck with server after expiry
B
Image Optimization
22 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
22 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/c... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
22 images 8.4 MB
0 oversized -0 KB
15 legacy format
1 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

A+
Third-Party Impact
9% third-party, 0 ms blocking
PASS
9% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Info::
Third-party code accounts for 9% of page weight (967.3 KiB of 10.6 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
91%
First-party Third-party
A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
1 fonts (76 KB)
PASS
1 fonts (76 KB)
Info::
1 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

1

76 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 1

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 2.0 s 4.0 s 6.0 s 8.0 s 10.0 s 12.0 s 14.0 s 16.0 s 18.0 s 20.0 s 22.0 s 24.0 s 26.0 s 28.0 s 30.0 s 32.0 s 34.0 s 36.0 s 38.0 s 40.0 s 42.0 s 44.0 s 46.0 s 48.0 s 50.0 s 52.0 s 54.0 s 56.0 s FCP 2.1 s LCP 53.7 shttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0bf8pkAg.woff2mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0bf8pkAg.woff2 — 76.2 KiB — 16 ms — font-display: swap
mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0... woff2 swap
Size 76 KB
Load time 16 ms
Start 489 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)
A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
No optimization needed
PASS
No optimization needed
Info::
No resource hint issues
A+
Render-Blocking Resources
No render-blocking resources detected
PASS
No render-blocking resources detected
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected in <head>
A+
Third-Party Resources
No third-party resources detected
PASS
No third-party resources detected
A+
Green Hosting
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
PASS

Green Hosting

This site is hosted on green energy infrastructure

Provider: Cloudflare

Network Waterfall
78 requests over 3409ms
INFO
0 ms 2.0 s 4.0 s 6.0 s 8.0 s 10.0 s 12.0 s 14.0 s 16.0 s 18.0 s 20.0 s 22.0 s 24.0 s 26.0 s 28.0 s 30.0 s 32.0 s 34.0 s 36.0 s 38.0 s 40.0 s 42.0 s 44.0 s 46.0 s 48.0 s 50.0 s 52.0 s 54.0 s 56.0 s FCP 2.1 s LCP 53.7 shttps://gale.com// https://gale.com/ — 200 — 44.6 KiB — 367 ms — h2https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:wdth,wght@75..100,300..800&display=swapfonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Op... https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:wdth,wght@75..100,300..800&display=swap — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 107 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/174.a14d4359aadcf141.js/_next/static/chunks/174.a14d4359aa... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/174.a14d4359aadcf141.js — 200 — 5.4 KiB — 15 ms — h2https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Serif:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&family=Work+Sans:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&display=swapfonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=No... https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Serif:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&family=Work+Sans:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&display=swap — 200 — 1.3 KiB — 107 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2b98d104c6111642.js/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2b98d1... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2b98d104c6111642.js — 200 — 5.9 KiB — 23 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2af1d2f63fc67.js/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2af1d2f63fc67.js — 200 — 62.6 KiB — 55 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/main-e34f124c6ca0f43e.js/_next/static/chunks/main-e34f124c6... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/main-e34f124c6ca0f43e.js — 200 — 43.2 KiB — 58 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c83a3d11e723311.js/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c8... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c83a3d11e723311.js — 200 — 212.1 KiB — 68 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af72274284711cbf.js/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af722... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af72274284711cbf.js — 200 — 253.9 KiB — 76 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d15603773735.js/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d15603... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d15603773735.js — 200 — 477.9 KiB — 107 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755a6ff828.js/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755a... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755a6ff828.js — 200 — 207.2 KiB — 108 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B...route%5D%5D-542f25c2be475656.js/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B..... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B...route%5D%5D-542f25c2be475656.js — 200 — 7.5 KiB — 104 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_buildManifest.js/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3... https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_buildManifest.js — 200 — 4.6 KiB — 103 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_ssgManifest.js/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3... https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_ssgManifest.js — 200 — 4.0 KiB — 103 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fhm6gbwkg979t8bkkjkcq7h6%2FHomepage_Video_-_650_x_200%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dgif%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fhm6gbwkg979t8bkkjkcq7h6%2FHomepage_Video_-_650_x_200%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dgif%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 8.2 MiB — 778 ms — h2https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0bf8pkAg.woff2fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/me... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0bf8pkAg.woff2 — 200 — 76.2 KiB — 16 ms — h3https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Ffx2fhgtw6fgcnnxm9jsmhvx6%2FSales_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Ffx2fhgtw6fgcnnxm9jsmhvx6%2FSales_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 1.9 KiB — 93 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F989gbc7rwpq4qhkf7p42bfg%2FOrder_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F989gbc7rwpq4qhkf7p42bfg%2FOrder_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 1.6 KiB — 240 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fs2pjpvgq9qcv7z96r9cj98%2FProduct_Training_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fs2pjpvgq9qcv7z96r9cj98%2FProduct_Training_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 1.7 KiB — 233 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fg3k5635hwgjvt4z3vpftgv%2FPromo_box_image_for_Inventory_sale__Adult_Large_Print__Promo_image_FY25%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fg3k5635hwgjvt4z3vpftgv%2FPromo_box_image_for_Inventory_sale__Adult_Large_Print__Promo_image_FY25%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 59.6 KiB — 370 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F5xwt3v667hv8fpthwwsg57qn%2FPSE-HP-Promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F5xwt3v667hv8fpthwwsg57qn%2FPSE-HP-Promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 39.1 KiB — 307 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fntpwtqcz777pw47w9grfrsg%2FK12-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fntpwtqcz777pw47w9grfrsg%2FK12-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 16.0 KiB — 298 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fts7r4bshxkstp8gkh465m2%2FPUB-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fts7r4bshxkstp8gkh465m2%2FPUB-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 12.5 KiB — 300 ms — h2https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-b2b-en/logos/gale_logo_white.svgwww.cengage.com/binaries/content/ga... https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-b2b-en/logos/gale_logo_white.svg — 200 — 5.5 KiB — 31 ms — h2https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MCRG9V&gtm_auth=&gtm_preview=&gtm_cookies_win=xwww.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MCRG9V&gtm_auth=&gtm_preview=&gtm_cookies_win=x — 200 — 149.7 KiB — 99 ms — h2https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/cengage/logos/unified-logo-final.svgwww.cengage.com/binaries/content/ga... https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/cengage/logos/unified-logo-final.svg — 200 — 6.1 KiB — 10 ms — h2https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-b2b-en/logos/gale_logo.svgwww.cengage.com/binaries/content/ga... https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-b2b-en/logos/gale_logo.svg — 200 — 5.8 KiB — 11 ms — h2https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.jscdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/o... https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js — 200 — 9.1 KiB — 35 ms — h2https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-gtm-wrapper-2.36.9.min.js.brcdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-br... https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-gtm-wrapper-2.36.9.min.js.br — 200 — 80.3 KiB — 34 ms — h2https://cdn.mouseflow.com/projects/f13d30e4-2681-4893-aa5f-3f89a4c43ec3.jscdn.mouseflow.com/projects/f13d30e4... https://cdn.mouseflow.com/projects/f13d30e4-2681-4893-aa5f-3f89a4c43ec3.js — 200 — 18.3 KiB — 44 ms — h3
0 ms 2.0 s 4.0 s 6.0 s 8.0 s 10.0 s 12.0 s 14.0 s 16.0 s 18.0 s 20.0 s 22.0 s 24.0 s 26.0 s 28.0 s 30.0 s 32.0 s 34.0 s 36.0 s 38.0 s 40.0 s 42.0 s 44.0 s 46.0 s 48.0 s 50.0 s 52.0 s 54.0 s 56.0 s FCP 2.1 s LCP 53.7 shttps://gale.com// https://gale.com/ — 200 — 44.6 KiB — 367 ms — h2https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:wdth,wght@75..100,300..800&display=swapfonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Op... https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:wdth,wght@75..100,300..800&display=swap — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 107 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/174.a14d4359aadcf141.js/_next/static/chunks/174.a14d4359aa... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/174.a14d4359aadcf141.js — 200 — 5.4 KiB — 15 ms — h2https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Serif:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&family=Work+Sans:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&display=swapfonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=No... https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Serif:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&family=Work+Sans:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&display=swap — 200 — 1.3 KiB — 107 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2b98d104c6111642.js/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2b98d1... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2b98d104c6111642.js — 200 — 5.9 KiB — 23 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2af1d2f63fc67.js/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2af1d2f63fc67.js — 200 — 62.6 KiB — 55 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/main-e34f124c6ca0f43e.js/_next/static/chunks/main-e34f124c6... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/main-e34f124c6ca0f43e.js — 200 — 43.2 KiB — 58 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c83a3d11e723311.js/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c8... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c83a3d11e723311.js — 200 — 212.1 KiB — 68 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af72274284711cbf.js/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af722... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af72274284711cbf.js — 200 — 253.9 KiB — 76 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d15603773735.js/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d15603... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d15603773735.js — 200 — 477.9 KiB — 107 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755a6ff828.js/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755a... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755a6ff828.js — 200 — 207.2 KiB — 108 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B...route%5D%5D-542f25c2be475656.js/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B..... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B...route%5D%5D-542f25c2be475656.js — 200 — 7.5 KiB — 104 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_buildManifest.js/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3... https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_buildManifest.js — 200 — 4.6 KiB — 103 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_ssgManifest.js/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3... https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_ssgManifest.js — 200 — 4.0 KiB — 103 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fhm6gbwkg979t8bkkjkcq7h6%2FHomepage_Video_-_650_x_200%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dgif%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fhm6gbwkg979t8bkkjkcq7h6%2FHomepage_Video_-_650_x_200%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dgif%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 8.2 MiB — 778 ms — h2https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0bf8pkAg.woff2fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/me... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0bf8pkAg.woff2 — 200 — 76.2 KiB — 16 ms — h3https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Ffx2fhgtw6fgcnnxm9jsmhvx6%2FSales_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Ffx2fhgtw6fgcnnxm9jsmhvx6%2FSales_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 1.9 KiB — 93 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F989gbc7rwpq4qhkf7p42bfg%2FOrder_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F989gbc7rwpq4qhkf7p42bfg%2FOrder_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 1.6 KiB — 240 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fs2pjpvgq9qcv7z96r9cj98%2FProduct_Training_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fs2pjpvgq9qcv7z96r9cj98%2FProduct_Training_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 1.7 KiB — 233 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fg3k5635hwgjvt4z3vpftgv%2FPromo_box_image_for_Inventory_sale__Adult_Large_Print__Promo_image_FY25%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fg3k5635hwgjvt4z3vpftgv%2FPromo_box_image_for_Inventory_sale__Adult_Large_Print__Promo_image_FY25%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 59.6 KiB — 370 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F5xwt3v667hv8fpthwwsg57qn%2FPSE-HP-Promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F5xwt3v667hv8fpthwwsg57qn%2FPSE-HP-Promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 39.1 KiB — 307 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fntpwtqcz777pw47w9grfrsg%2FK12-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fntpwtqcz777pw47w9grfrsg%2FK12-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 16.0 KiB — 298 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fts7r4bshxkstp8gkh465m2%2FPUB-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fts7r4bshxkstp8gkh465m2%2FPUB-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=750&q=75 — 200 — 12.5 KiB — 300 ms — h2https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-b2b-en/logos/gale_logo_white.svgwww.cengage.com/binaries/content/ga... https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-b2b-en/logos/gale_logo_white.svg — 200 — 5.5 KiB — 31 ms — h2https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MCRG9V&gtm_auth=&gtm_preview=&gtm_cookies_win=xwww.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MCRG9V&gtm_auth=&gtm_preview=&gtm_cookies_win=x — 200 — 149.7 KiB — 99 ms — h2https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/cengage/logos/unified-logo-final.svgwww.cengage.com/binaries/content/ga... https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/cengage/logos/unified-logo-final.svg — 200 — 6.1 KiB — 10 ms — h2https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-b2b-en/logos/gale_logo.svgwww.cengage.com/binaries/content/ga... https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-b2b-en/logos/gale_logo.svg — 200 — 5.8 KiB — 11 ms — h2https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.jscdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/o... https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js — 200 — 9.1 KiB — 35 ms — h2https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-gtm-wrapper-2.36.9.min.js.brcdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-br... https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-gtm-wrapper-2.36.9.min.js.br — 200 — 80.3 KiB — 34 ms — h2https://cdn.mouseflow.com/projects/f13d30e4-2681-4893-aa5f-3f89a4c43ec3.jscdn.mouseflow.com/projects/f13d30e4... https://cdn.mouseflow.com/projects/f13d30e4-2681-4893-aa5f-3f89a4c43ec3.js — 200 — 18.3 KiB — 44 ms — h3https://tag.demandbase.com/0407b7fa47067ef0.min.jstag.demandbase.com/0407b7fa47067ef0... https://tag.demandbase.com/0407b7fa47067ef0.min.js — 200 — 18.3 KiB — 74 ms — h2https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/015989be-cef3-44a9-9928-c8b8f4271353/015989be-cef3-44a9-9928-c8b8f4271353.jsoncdn.cookielaw.org/consent/015989be-... https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/015989be-cef3-44a9-9928-c8b8f4271353/015989be-cef3-44a9-9928-c8b8f4271353.json — 200 — 2.6 KiB — 35 ms — h2https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-gtm-2.36.9-min.js.gzcdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-br... https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-gtm-2.36.9-min.js.gz — 200 — 54.9 KiB — 26 ms — h2https://geolocation.onetrust.com/cookieconsentpub/v1/geo/locationgeolocation.onetrust.com/cookiecons... https://geolocation.onetrust.com/cookieconsentpub/v1/geo/location — 200 — 286 B — 33 ms — h2https://id.rlcdn.com/464526.gifid.rlcdn.com/464526.gif https://id.rlcdn.com/464526.gif — 307 — 415 B — 97 ms — h2https://api.company-target.com/api/v3/ip.json?referrer=&page=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&page_title=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resourcesapi.company-target.com/api/v3/ip.js... https://api.company-target.com/api/v3/ip.json?referrer=&page=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&page_title=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources — 401 — 485 B — 57 ms — h2https://s.company-target.com/s/sync?exc=lrs.company-target.com/s/sync?exc=lr https://s.company-target.com/s/sync?exc=lr — 200 — 998 B — 101 ms — h2https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/otBannerSdk.jscdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/2... https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/otBannerSdk.js — 200 — 123.3 KiB — 23 ms — h2https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/015989be-cef3-44a9-9928-c8b8f4271353/019813ee-9939-7fb5-8963-501627100ea8/en.jsoncdn.cookielaw.org/consent/015989be-... https://cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/015989be-cef3-44a9-9928-c8b8f4271353/019813ee-9939-7fb5-8963-501627100ea8/en.json — 200 — 15.3 KiB — 25 ms — h2https://id.rlcdn.com/1000.gif?memo=CI6tHBoNCLXvpM8GEgUI6AcQAEIASgAid.rlcdn.com/1000.gif?memo=CI6tHBoN... https://id.rlcdn.com/1000.gif?memo=CI6tHBoNCLXvpM8GEgUI6AcQAEIASgA — 307 — 189 B — 76 ms — h2https://dsum-sec.casalemedia.com/rum?cm_dsp_id=18&expiry=1792703030&external_user_id=fb00bdd1-5ca2-473a-a4f2-2e22c90a9ad9dsum-sec.casalemedia.com/rum?cm_dsp... https://dsum-sec.casalemedia.com/rum?cm_dsp_id=18&expiry=1792703030&external_user_id=fb00bdd1-5ca2-473a-a4f2-2e22c90a9ad9 — 302 — 895 B — 59 ms — h3https://partners.tremorhub.com/sync?UIDM=fb00bdd1-5ca2-473a-a4f2-2e22c90a9ad9partners.tremorhub.com/sync?UIDM=fb... https://partners.tremorhub.com/sync?UIDM=fb00bdd1-5ca2-473a-a4f2-2e22c90a9ad9 — 200 — 391 B — 219 ms — h2https://pixel.rubiconproject.com/tap.php?nid=5578&put=fb00bdd1-5ca2-473a-a4f2-2e22c90a9ad9&v=1181926pixel.rubiconproject.com/tap.php?ni... https://pixel.rubiconproject.com/tap.php?nid=5578&put=fb00bdd1-5ca2-473a-a4f2-2e22c90a9ad9&v=1181926 — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 54 ms — http/1.1https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.jsconnect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents... https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js — 200 — 96.6 KiB — 27 ms — h3https://static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.jsstatic.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js https://static.ads-twitter.com/uwt.js — 200 — 13.4 KiB — 30 ms — h2https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.jssnap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/ins... https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js — 200 — 18.7 KiB — 69 ms — h2https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/assets/otFlat.jsoncdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/2... https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/assets/otFlat.json — 200 — 3.4 KiB — 29 ms — h2https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/assets/v2/otPcCenter.jsoncdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/2... https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/assets/v2/otPcCenter.json — 200 — 13.3 KiB — 33 ms — h2https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/assets/otCommonStyles.csscdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/2... https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/assets/otCommonStyles.css — 200 — 4.6 KiB — 28 ms — h2https://segments.company-target.com/log?vendor=liveramp&user_id=segments.company-target.com/log?ven... https://segments.company-target.com/log?vendor=liveramp&user_id= — 303 — 710 B — 129 ms — http/1.1https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-WN1FMW4M6P&cx=c&gtm=4e64k0www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-WN1FMW4M6P&cx=c&gtm=4e64k0 — 200 — 157.5 KiB — 80 ms — h2https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-1459581.js?sv=7static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-1459581.... https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-1459581.js?sv=7 — -1 — 0 B — 0 ms — https://dsum-sec.casalemedia.com/rum?cm_dsp_id=18&expiry=1792703030&external_user_id=fb00bdd1-5ca2-473a-a4f2-2e22c90a9ad9&C=1dsum-sec.casalemedia.com/rum?cm_dsp... https://dsum-sec.casalemedia.com/rum?cm_dsp_id=18&expiry=1792703030&external_user_id=fb00bdd1-5ca2-473a-a4f2-2e22c90a9ad9&C=1 — 200 — 485 B — 35 ms — h3https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browsersr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/... https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browser — 200 — 690 B — 21 ms — h2https://cdn.cookielaw.org/logos/static/ot_guard_logo.svgcdn.cookielaw.org/logos/static/ot_g... https://cdn.cookielaw.org/logos/static/ot_guard_logo.svg — 200 — 489 B — 12 ms — h2https://cdn.cookielaw.org/logos/e7eb72e0-2361-4ad5-b548-28e7aa0d5be8/015989be-cef3-44a9-9928-c8b8f4271353/531c86b8-4178-41f5-abff-59807ca7ecca/Gale_Logo_rgb_blue_large.pngcdn.cookielaw.org/logos/e7eb72e0-23... https://cdn.cookielaw.org/logos/e7eb72e0-2361-4ad5-b548-28e7aa0d5be8/015989be-cef3-44a9-9928-c8b8f4271353/531c86b8-4178-41f5-abff-59807ca7ecca/Gale_Logo_rgb_blue_large.png — 200 — 31.2 KiB — 21 ms — h2https://cdn.cookielaw.org/logos/static/powered_by_logo.svgcdn.cookielaw.org/logos/static/powe... https://cdn.cookielaw.org/logos/static/powered_by_logo.svg — 200 — 2.7 KiB — 17 ms — h2https://segments.company-target.com/validateCookie?vendor=liveramp&user_id=&verifyHash=52b9d086a91e10aedc8aa3d2427ff69fbd599a08segments.company-target.com/validat... https://segments.company-target.com/validateCookie?vendor=liveramp&user_id=&verifyHash=52b9d086a91e10aedc8aa3d2427ff69fbd599a08 — 204 — 285 B — 71 ms — http/1.1https://t.co/i/adsct?bci=3&dv=UTC%26en-US%2Cen%26Google%20Inc.%26Linux%20x86_64%26255%26412%26823%264%2624%26412%26823%261%26na&eci=2&event_id=0c2852d4-2787-40db-94f3-76e9a01a9e09&events=%5B%5B%22pageview%22%2C%7B%7D%5D%5D&integration=advertiser&p_id=Twitter&p_user_id=0&pl_id=b62b0e63-4b69-4de3-b694-4734f1df80e5&pt=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&tw_document_href=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&tw_iframe_status=0&tw_order_quantity=0&tw_pid_src=1&tw_sale_amount=0&twpid=tw.1776891830279.806991341834014164&txn_id=o2zpc&type=javascript&version=2.3.53t.co/i/adsct?bci=3&dv=UTC%26en-US%2... https://t.co/i/adsct?bci=3&dv=UTC%26en-US%2Cen%26Google%20Inc.%26Linux%20x86_64%26255%26412%26823%264%2624%26412%26823%261%26na&eci=2&event_id=0c2852d4-2787-40db-94f3-76e9a01a9e09&events=%5B%5B%22pageview%22%2C%7B%7D%5D%5D&integration=advertiser&p_id=Twitter&p_user_id=0&pl_id=b62b0e63-4b69-4de3-b694-4734f1df80e5&pt=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&tw_document_href=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&tw_iframe_status=0&tw_order_quantity=0&tw_pid_src=1&tw_sale_amount=0&twpid=tw.1776891830279.806991341834014164&txn_id=o2zpc&type=javascript&version=2.3.53 — 200 — 660 B — 144 ms — h2https://analytics.twitter.com/i/adsct?bci=3&dv=UTC%26en-US%2Cen%26Google%20Inc.%26Linux%20x86_64%26255%26412%26823%264%2624%26412%26823%261%26na&eci=2&event_id=0c2852d4-2787-40db-94f3-76e9a01a9e09&events=%5B%5B%22pageview%22%2C%7B%7D%5D%5D&integration=advertiser&p_id=Twitter&p_user_id=0&pl_id=b62b0e63-4b69-4de3-b694-4734f1df80e5&pt=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&tw_document_href=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&tw_iframe_status=0&tw_order_quantity=0&tw_pid_src=1&tw_sale_amount=0&twpid=tw.1776891830279.806991341834014164&txn_id=o2zpc&type=javascript&version=2.3.53analytics.twitter.com/i/adsct?bci=3... https://analytics.twitter.com/i/adsct?bci=3&dv=UTC%26en-US%2Cen%26Google%20Inc.%26Linux%20x86_64%26255%26412%26823%264%2624%26412%26823%261%26na&eci=2&event_id=0c2852d4-2787-40db-94f3-76e9a01a9e09&events=%5B%5B%22pageview%22%2C%7B%7D%5D%5D&integration=advertiser&p_id=Twitter&p_user_id=0&pl_id=b62b0e63-4b69-4de3-b694-4734f1df80e5&pt=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&tw_document_href=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&tw_iframe_status=0&tw_order_quantity=0&tw_pid_src=1&tw_sale_amount=0&twpid=tw.1776891830279.806991341834014164&txn_id=o2zpc&type=javascript&version=2.3.53 — 200 — 677 B — 65 ms — h2https://connect.facebook.net/signals/config/542901826435722?v=2.9.303&r=stable&domain=gale.com&hme=97937018cefade17726f0472876fc101316b2ce9008a35a6a5a7977d7436151a&ex_m=104%2C205%2C154%2C22%2C72%2C73%2C145%2C68%2C67%2C11%2C162%2C90%2C16%2C138%2C127%2C39%2C75%2C78%2C134%2C159%2C164%2C8%2C4%2C5%2C7%2C6%2C3%2C91%2C101%2C165%2C170%2C219%2C62%2C186%2C187%2C55%2C276%2C30%2C74%2C231%2C230%2C229%2C23%2C33%2C103%2C61%2C10%2C63%2C97%2C98%2C99%2C105%2C130%2C31%2C29%2C132%2C133%2C129%2C128%2C155%2C76%2C158%2C156%2C157%2C50%2C60%2C123%2C15%2C161%2C45%2C263%2C264%2C262%2C26%2C27%2C28%2C48%2C146%2C77%2C112%2C18%2C20%2C44%2C40%2C42%2C41%2C83%2C92%2C96%2C110%2C144%2C147%2C46%2C111%2C24%2C21%2C119%2C69%2C36%2C149%2C148%2C150%2C141%2C139%2C25%2C35%2C59%2C109%2C160%2C70%2C17%2C152%2C114%2C81%2C66%2C19%2C85%2C86%2C116%2C84%2C136%2C135%2C34%2C278%2C293%2C212%2C201%2C202%2C200%2C296%2C288%2C52%2C213%2C107%2C131%2C80%2C121%2C54%2C47%2C49%2C113%2C120%2C126%2C58%2C64%2C151%2C115%2C37%2C32%2C53%2C56%2C100%2C163%2C1%2C124%2C14%2C122%2C12%2C2%2C57%2C93%2C65%2C118%2C89%2C88%2C166%2C167%2C94%2C95%2C9%2C125%2C102%2C51%2C142%2C87%2C79%2C71%2C117%2C106%2C43%2C143%2C0%2C82%2C137%2C140%2C153%2C38%2C108%2C13%2C168connect.facebook.net/signals/config... https://connect.facebook.net/signals/config/542901826435722?v=2.9.303&r=stable&domain=gale.com&hme=97937018cefade17726f0472876fc101316b2ce9008a35a6a5a7977d7436151a&ex_m=104%2C205%2C154%2C22%2C72%2C73%2C145%2C68%2C67%2C11%2C162%2C90%2C16%2C138%2C127%2C39%2C75%2C78%2C134%2C159%2C164%2C8%2C4%2C5%2C7%2C6%2C3%2C91%2C101%2C165%2C170%2C219%2C62%2C186%2C187%2C55%2C276%2C30%2C74%2C231%2C230%2C229%2C23%2C33%2C103%2C61%2C10%2C63%2C97%2C98%2C99%2C105%2C130%2C31%2C29%2C132%2C133%2C129%2C128%2C155%2C76%2C158%2C156%2C157%2C50%2C60%2C123%2C15%2C161%2C45%2C263%2C264%2C262%2C26%2C27%2C28%2C48%2C146%2C77%2C112%2C18%2C20%2C44%2C40%2C42%2C41%2C83%2C92%2C96%2C110%2C144%2C147%2C46%2C111%2C24%2C21%2C119%2C69%2C36%2C149%2C148%2C150%2C141%2C139%2C25%2C35%2C59%2C109%2C160%2C70%2C17%2C152%2C114%2C81%2C66%2C19%2C85%2C86%2C116%2C84%2C136%2C135%2C34%2C278%2C293%2C212%2C201%2C202%2C200%2C296%2C288%2C52%2C213%2C107%2C131%2C80%2C121%2C54%2C47%2C49%2C113%2C120%2C126%2C58%2C64%2C151%2C115%2C37%2C32%2C53%2C56%2C100%2C163%2C1%2C124%2C14%2C122%2C12%2C2%2C57%2C93%2C65%2C118%2C89%2C88%2C166%2C167%2C94%2C95%2C9%2C125%2C102%2C51%2C142%2C87%2C79%2C71%2C117%2C106%2C43%2C143%2C0%2C82%2C137%2C140%2C153%2C38%2C108%2C13%2C168 — 200 — 44.8 KiB — 14 ms — h3https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browsersr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/... https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browser — 200 — 0 B — 5 ms — h2https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browsersr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/... https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browser — 200 — 0 B — 3 ms — h2https://px.ads.linkedin.com/attribution_trigger?pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891830387&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2Fpx.ads.linkedin.com/attribution_tri... https://px.ads.linkedin.com/attribution_trigger?pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891830387&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F — 200 — 788 B — 82 ms — h2https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt=js&pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891830387&li_adsId=9fedc07b-21b4-4a24-ae44-ed797c290cac&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2Fpx.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt... https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt=js&pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891830387&li_adsId=9fedc07b-21b4-4a24-ae44-ed797c290cac&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F — 302 — 760 B — 261 ms — h2https://analytics.google.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-WN1FMW4M6P&gtm=45je64k0v895323463z872254585za20gzb72254585zd72254585&_p=1776891829617&_gaz=1&gcd=13l3l3l3l1l1&npa=0&dma=0&_eu=AAAAAGA&are=1&cid=454142840.1776891830&frm=0&pscdl=noapi&rcb=6&sr=412x823&uaa=&uab=64&uafvl=Not-A.Brand%3B24.0.0.0%7CChromium%3B146.0.7680.164&uam=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&uamb=1&uap=Android&uapv=11.0&uaw=0&ul=en-us&gaf=2&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115938466~115938468~117266400~117512542&sid=1776891830&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&dt=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&_tu=QA&en=page_view&_fv=1&_nsi=1&_ss=1&ep.platform_name=catalog&ep.business_unit=HigherEd%2CSchool%2CWork&tfd=2093analytics.google.com/g/collect?v=2&... https://analytics.google.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-WN1FMW4M6P&gtm=45je64k0v895323463z872254585za20gzb72254585zd72254585&_p=1776891829617&_gaz=1&gcd=13l3l3l3l1l1&npa=0&dma=0&_eu=AAAAAGA&are=1&cid=454142840.1776891830&frm=0&pscdl=noapi&rcb=6&sr=412x823&uaa=&uab=64&uafvl=Not-A.Brand%3B24.0.0.0%7CChromium%3B146.0.7680.164&uam=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&uamb=1&uap=Android&uapv=11.0&uaw=0&ul=en-us&gaf=2&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115938466~115938468~117266400~117512542&sid=1776891830&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&dt=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&_tu=QA&en=page_view&_fv=1&_nsi=1&_ss=1&ep.platform_name=catalog&ep.business_unit=HigherEd%2CSchool%2CWork&tfd=2093 — 204 — 544 B — 196 ms — h2https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-WN1FMW4M6P&cid=454142840.1776891830&gtm=45je64k0v895323463z872254585za20gzb72254585zd72254585&rcb=6&aip=1&dma=0&gcd=13l3l3l3l1l1&npa=0&frm=0&tag_exp=0~115938466~115938468~117266400~117512542stats.g.doubleclick.net/g/collect?v... https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-WN1FMW4M6P&cid=454142840.1776891830&gtm=45je64k0v895323463z872254585za20gzb72254585zd72254585&rcb=6&aip=1&dma=0&gcd=13l3l3l3l1l1&npa=0&frm=0&tag_exp=0~115938466~115938468~117266400~117512542 — 204 — 544 B — 61 ms — h2https://capi-automation.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/public/client_js/capiParamBuilder/clientParamBuilder.bundle.jscapi-automation.s3.us-east-2.amazon... https://capi-automation.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/public/client_js/capiParamBuilder/clientParamBuilder.bundle.js — -1 — 0 B — 0 ms — https://www.facebook.com/tr/?id=542901826435722&ev=PageView&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1776891830520&sw=412&sh=823&v=2.9.303&r=stable&a=tmSimo-GTM-WebTemplate-2.0.3&ec=0&o=12318&fbp=fb.1.1776891830511.79197110734487494&ler=empty&cdl=API_unavailable&pmd[title]=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&pmd[locale]=en&pmd[description]=Gale%2C%20part%20of%20Cengage%20Group%2C%20provides%20historical%20archive%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20and%20trusted%20educational%20resources%20for%20academic%2C%20K-12%2C%20and%20public%20libraries.&pmd[keywords]=Gale%2C%20educational%20resources%2C%20library%20resources%2C%20gale%20cengage%2C%20library%20databases%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20historical%20archive&plt=1041.3999999761581&it=1776891830345&coo=false&tm=1&chmd=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&chpv=11.0&chfv=undefined&exp=s1&expv2[0]=pl0&expv2[1]=el2&expv2[2]=bc1&expv2[3]=ra2&expv2[4]=rp2&expv2[5]=ct3&expv2[6]=hf1&rqm=GETwww.facebook.com/tr/?id=54290182643... https://www.facebook.com/tr/?id=542901826435722&ev=PageView&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1776891830520&sw=412&sh=823&v=2.9.303&r=stable&a=tmSimo-GTM-WebTemplate-2.0.3&ec=0&o=12318&fbp=fb.1.1776891830511.79197110734487494&ler=empty&cdl=API_unavailable&pmd[title]=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&pmd[locale]=en&pmd[description]=Gale%2C%20part%20of%20Cengage%20Group%2C%20provides%20historical%20archive%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20and%20trusted%20educational%20resources%20for%20academic%2C%20K-12%2C%20and%20public%20libraries.&pmd[keywords]=Gale%2C%20educational%20resources%2C%20library%20resources%2C%20gale%20cengage%2C%20library%20databases%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20historical%20archive&plt=1041.3999999761581&it=1776891830345&coo=false&tm=1&chmd=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&chpv=11.0&chfv=undefined&exp=s1&expv2[0]=pl0&expv2[1]=el2&expv2[2]=bc1&expv2[3]=ra2&expv2[4]=rp2&expv2[5]=ct3&expv2[6]=hf1&rqm=GET — 200 — 16 B — 23 ms — h3https://www.facebook.com/privacy_sandbox/pixel/register/trigger/?id=542901826435722&ev=PageView&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1776891830520&sw=412&sh=823&v=2.9.303&r=stable&a=tmSimo-GTM-WebTemplate-2.0.3&ec=0&o=12318&fbp=fb.1.1776891830511.79197110734487494&ler=empty&cdl=API_unavailable&pmd[title]=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&pmd[locale]=en&pmd[description]=Gale%2C%20part%20of%20Cengage%20Group%2C%20provides%20historical%20archive%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20and%20trusted%20educational%20resources%20for%20academic%2C%20K-12%2C%20and%20public%20libraries.&pmd[keywords]=Gale%2C%20educational%20resources%2C%20library%20resources%2C%20gale%20cengage%2C%20library%20databases%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20historical%20archive&plt=1041.3999999761581&it=1776891830345&coo=false&tm=1&chmd=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&chpv=11.0&chfv=undefined&exp=s1&expv2[0]=pl0&expv2[1]=el2&expv2[2]=bc1&expv2[3]=ra2&expv2[4]=rp2&expv2[5]=ct3&expv2[6]=hf1&rqm=FGETwww.facebook.com/privacy_sandbox/pi... https://www.facebook.com/privacy_sandbox/pixel/register/trigger/?id=542901826435722&ev=PageView&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1776891830520&sw=412&sh=823&v=2.9.303&r=stable&a=tmSimo-GTM-WebTemplate-2.0.3&ec=0&o=12318&fbp=fb.1.1776891830511.79197110734487494&ler=empty&cdl=API_unavailable&pmd[title]=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&pmd[locale]=en&pmd[description]=Gale%2C%20part%20of%20Cengage%20Group%2C%20provides%20historical%20archive%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20and%20trusted%20educational%20resources%20for%20academic%2C%20K-12%2C%20and%20public%20libraries.&pmd[keywords]=Gale%2C%20educational%20resources%2C%20library%20resources%2C%20gale%20cengage%2C%20library%20databases%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20historical%20archive&plt=1041.3999999761581&it=1776891830345&coo=false&tm=1&chmd=moto%20g%20power%20(2022)&chpv=11.0&chfv=undefined&exp=s1&expv2[0]=pl0&expv2[1]=el2&expv2[2]=bc1&expv2[3]=ra2&expv2[4]=rp2&expv2[5]=ct3&expv2[6]=hf1&rqm=FGET — 200 — 198 B — 68 ms — h3https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browsersr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/... https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browser — 200 — 0 B — 2 ms — h2https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt=js&pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891830387&li_adsId=9fedc07b-21b4-4a24-ae44-ed797c290cac&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&cookiesTest=truepx.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt... https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt=js&pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891830387&li_adsId=9fedc07b-21b4-4a24-ae44-ed797c290cac&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&cookiesTest=true — 200 — 271 B — 80 ms — h2https://px.ads.linkedin.com/wa/?medium=fetch&fmt=gpx.ads.linkedin.com/wa/?medium=fetc... https://px.ads.linkedin.com/wa/?medium=fetch&fmt=g — 204 — 43 B — 88 ms — h3https://gale.com/images/favicons/favicon.ico/images/favicons/favicon.ico https://gale.com/images/favicons/favicon.ico — 200 — 6.7 KiB — 136 ms — h2https://api-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/track?device_id=051e170c-a8ea-4e60-a685-76e720b1ccbb&session_id=1776891830530&type=replayapi-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/tr... https://api-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/track?device_id=051e170c-a8ea-4e60-a685-76e720b1ccbb&session_id=1776891830530&type=replay — 200 — 0 B — 78 ms — h2https://api-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/track?device_id=051e170c-a8ea-4e60-a685-76e720b1ccbb&session_id=1776891830530&type=replayapi-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/tr... https://api-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/track?device_id=051e170c-a8ea-4e60-a685-76e720b1ccbb&session_id=1776891830530&type=replay — 200 — 135 B — 94 ms — h2https://api2.amplitude.com/2/httpapiapi2.amplitude.com/2/httpapi https://api2.amplitude.com/2/httpapi — 200 — 0 B — 80 ms — h2https://api2.amplitude.com/2/httpapiapi2.amplitude.com/2/httpapi https://api2.amplitude.com/2/httpapi — 200 — 217 B — 46 ms — h2
HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
52% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 3938ms · 767KB · €43/mo
Amplitude
Analytics
Costly
Execution 830ms
Transfer 80 KB
Unused 62%
Monthly Cost €9/mo
Unattributable
Other
Costly
Execution 812ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost €9/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Costly
Execution 714ms
Transfer 150 KB
Unused 39%
Monthly Cost €8/mo
OneTrust
Consent
Essential
Execution 477ms
Transfer 123 KB
Unused 53%
Monthly Cost €5/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Costly
Execution 353ms
Transfer 158 KB
Unused 42%
Monthly Cost €4/mo
Facebook Pixel
Advertising
Optional
Execution 182ms
Transfer 97 KB
Unused 35%
Monthly Cost €2/mo
Facebook Pixel
Advertising
Optional
Execution 144ms
Transfer 45 KB
Monthly Cost €2/mo
OneTrust
Consent
Essential
Execution 97ms
Transfer 9 KB
Monthly Cost €1/mo
Twitter/X Pixel
Advertising
Optional
Execution 91ms
Transfer 13 KB
Monthly Cost €1/mo
Amplitude
Analytics
Optional
Execution 91ms
Transfer 55 KB
Unused 42%
Monthly Cost €1/mo
LinkedIn Insight
Advertising
Optional
Execution 82ms
Transfer 19 KB
Monthly Cost €1/mo
tag.demandbase.com
Other
Optional
Execution 65ms
Transfer 18 KB
Monthly Cost €1/mo

These scripts may cost more than they're worth

  • Amplitude adds 830ms and costs ~€9/month
  • Unattributable adds 812ms and costs ~€9/month
  • Google Tag Manager adds 714ms and costs ~€8/month
  • Google Tag Manager adds 353ms and costs ~€4/month

52% of JavaScript execution time comes from third-party scripts.

Why this matters

Third-party scripts (analytics, ads, social, A/B testing) often dominate execution time — every one is a perf-and-privacy tax.

Learn more ▾

Each third-party script is a black box: you don't control when it loads, what it executes, or how much it grows. They often account for a major share of total blocking time on average sites (HTTP Archive's Web Almanac documents the trend). Audit which ones you actually need, defer the rest, and use facade patterns (lite-youtube, lite-vimeo) for embedded media.

Source: web.dev / HTTP Archive Web Almanac

Amplitude takes 830ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

62% of Amplitude's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

Unattributable takes 812ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

Google Tag Manager takes 714ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

53% of OneTrust's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

Google Tag Manager takes 353ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

Send Feedback