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https://gale.com

Performance

· 15 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
73
GRADE
C
FIX
4
REVIEW
2
PASS
7
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
34
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
99
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
73
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
92
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

891 ms

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

9.51 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

219 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.779

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

4.32 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

10.04 s

Page Load Progression

736 ms
1.5 s
2.2 s
2.9 s
3.7 s
4.4 s
5.2 s
5.9 s
Checks
15
7 PASS 2 REVIEW 4 FIX
F
Page Weight Budget
Action
10.7 MB transferred, 79 requests
FIX
10.7 MB transferred, 79 requests
Critical::
Page weighs 16.0 MB (10.7 MB transferred)
Warning::
Images are 8.5 MB — compress or use modern formats
Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.
Got: 8.5 MB
Warning::
JavaScript is 2.0 MB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 2.0 MB
Info::
79 HTTP requests
Info::
Estimated 2.2 g CO2 per page load
10.7 MB / 2.4 MB budget
10.7 MB transferred
79 requests
2.2 g CO2 per page load
Images 8.5 MiB 79%
JavaScript 2.0 MiB 19%
Fonts 76.2 KiB 1%
HTML 45.7 KiB 0%
Other 38.5 KiB 0%
Other 9.6 KiB 0%
Other 4.1 KiB 0%
CSS 3.3 KiB 0%
Other 544 B 0%
Other 0 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Over budget

Convert images to WebP/AVIF and resize to display dimensions to reduce transfer size.

Why this matters

Image bandwidth is high — modern formats (WebP/AVIF) and resizing typically cut it 50%+.

Source: web.dev

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

F
JS Bundles
Action
26 scripts, 903 KB unused
FIX
26 scripts, 903 KB unused
Warning::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af72...: 172 KB unused (69%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755...: 170 KB unused (84%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c...: 124 KB unused (59%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d1560...: 118 KB unused (25%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-WN1F...: 66 KB unused (42%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 903 KB
903 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af72274284711cbf.js254 KB172 KB (69%)✓1st
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755a6ff828.js207 KB170 KB (84%)✓1st
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c83a3d11e723311.js212 KB124 KB (59%)✓1st
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d15603773735.js478 KB118 KB (25%)✓1st
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-WN1FMW4M6P&cx=c&gtm=4e64k0158 KB66 KB (42%)✓3rd
https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/otBannerSdk.js123 KB66 KB (53%)✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MCRG9V&gtm_auth=&gtm_preview=&gtm_cookies_win=x150 KB58 KB (39%)✓3rd
https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-gtm-wrapper-2.36.9.min.js.br80 KB49 KB (62%)✓3rd
https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js97 KB35 KB (36%)✓3rd
https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-gtm-2.36.9-min.js.gz55 KB23 KB (42%)✓3rd

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

D
Page Weight Inventory
Action
79 resources · 10.7 MB · 903 KB savings available
FIX
79 resources · 10.7 MB · 903 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 9.7 MB over 1MB target
Got: 10.7 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~903 KB of savings available
Info::
58 third-party resources (9% of weight)
Info::
5 resources over 200KB
79 resources · 10.7 MiB · 58 third-party 9.7 MiB over 1MB target
Image 79% · 8.5 MiB
JavaScript 19% · 2.0 MiB
Font 1% · 76.2 KiB
Document 0% · 46.6 KiB
Other 0% · 40.2 KiB
CSS 0% · 7.8 KiB

~902.5 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 902.5 KiB
D
HTTP Caching
Action
no-store (uncacheable)
FIX
no-store (uncacheable)
Info::
Cache-Control: no-store prevents all caching
Intentional for dynamic content, but increases server load for every page view.
Got: private, no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate
Info::
No ETag or Last-Modified header
Conditional requests (304 Not Modified) are not possible without validators.
Cache-Control

private, no-cache, no-store, max-age=0, must-revalidate

DirectiveValueMeaning
private—Only browser cache, not CDN/proxy
no-cache—Cache but always revalidate first
no-store—Never cache this response
max-age0Cache for 0 seconds
must-revalidate—Must recheck with server after expiry
B
Image Optimization
23 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
23 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/c... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
23 images 8.5 MB
0 oversized -0 KB
15 legacy format
1 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

C
JS Execution Cost
Action
1849ms total JS execution
REVIEW
1849ms total JS execution
Warning::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da...: 289ms CPU time
Warning::
Unattributable: 281ms CPU time
Info::
https://gale.com/: 247ms CPU time
Info::
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B....: 239ms CPU time
Info::
https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-g...: 222ms CPU time
Warning::
Third-party scripts: 939ms (51% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 62% Other 15% Script Parsing & Compilation 10% Style & Layout 8%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2af1d2f63fc67.js289ms233ms7ms1st
Unattributable281ms33ms0ms3rd
https://gale.com/247ms4ms0ms1st
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B...route%5D%5D-542f25c2be475656.js239ms238ms0ms1st
https://cdn.amplitude.com/libs/analytics-browser-gtm-wrapper-2.36.9.min.js.br222ms195ms12ms3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MCRG9V&gtm_auth=&gtm_preview=&gtm_cookies_win=x179ms157ms13ms3rd
https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/202510.1.0/otBannerSdk.js106ms69ms15ms3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-WN1FMW4M6P&cx=c&gtm=4e64k094ms80ms12ms3rd
https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c83a3d11e723311.js83ms61ms20ms1st
https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js57ms47ms9ms3rd

Showing top 10 of 11 scripts

A+
Third-Party Impact
9% third-party, 0 ms blocking
PASS
9% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Info::
Third-party code accounts for 9% of page weight (967.7 KiB of 10.7 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
91%
First-party Third-party
A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
Font Loading
1 fonts (76 KB)
PASS
1 fonts (76 KB)
Info::
1 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

1

76 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 1

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s 6.0 s 7.0 s 8.0 s 9.0 s FCP 891 ms LCP 9.5 shttps://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0bf8pkAg.woff2mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0... https://fonts.gstatic.com/s/opensans/v44/mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0bf8pkAg.woff2 — 76.2 KiB — 16 ms — font-display: swap
mem8YaGs126MiZpBA-UFVZ0... woff2 swap
Size 76 KB
Load time 16 ms
Start 621 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)
A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
No optimization needed
PASS
No optimization needed
Info::
No resource hint issues
A+
Green Hosting
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
PASS

Green Hosting

This site is hosted on green energy infrastructure

Provider: Cloudflare

Network Waterfall
79 requests over 3592ms
INFO
0 ms 1.0 s 2.0 s 3.0 s 4.0 s 5.0 s 6.0 s 7.0 s 8.0 s 9.0 s FCP 891 ms LCP 9.5 shttps://gale.com// https://gale.com/ — 200 — 44.7 KiB — 461 ms — h2https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:wdth,wght@75..100,300..800&display=swapfonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Op... https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Open+Sans:wdth,wght@75..100,300..800&display=swap — 200 — 1.6 KiB — 115 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/174.a14d4359aadcf141.js/_next/static/chunks/174.a14d4359aa... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/174.a14d4359aadcf141.js — 200 — 5.4 KiB — 19 ms — h2https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Serif:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&family=Work+Sans:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&display=swapfonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=No... https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Noto+Serif:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&family=Work+Sans:ital,wght@0,100..900;1,100..900&display=swap — 200 — 1.7 KiB — 110 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2b98d104c6111642.js/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2b98d1... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/webpack-2b98d104c6111642.js — 200 — 5.9 KiB — 57 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2af1d2f63fc67.js/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/framework-5da2af1d2f63fc67.js — 200 — 62.6 KiB — 58 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/main-e34f124c6ca0f43e.js/_next/static/chunks/main-e34f124c6... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/main-e34f124c6ca0f43e.js — 200 — 43.2 KiB — 60 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c83a3d11e723311.js/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c8... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-6c83a3d11e723311.js — 200 — 212.1 KiB — 74 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af72274284711cbf.js/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af722... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/49073288-af72274284711cbf.js — 200 — 253.9 KiB — 69 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d15603773735.js/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d15603... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/216-a631d15603773735.js — 200 — 477.8 KiB — 91 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755a6ff828.js/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755a... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/429-fc6e13755a6ff828.js — 200 — 207.2 KiB — 86 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B...route%5D%5D-542f25c2be475656.js/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B..... https://gale.com/_next/static/chunks/pages/%5B%5B...route%5D%5D-542f25c2be475656.js — 200 — 7.5 KiB — 81 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_buildManifest.js/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3... https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_buildManifest.js — 200 — 4.6 KiB — 81 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_ssgManifest.js/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3... https://gale.com/_next/static/XgL2sedXhbqCpzhG56l-3/_ssgManifest.js — 200 — 4.0 KiB — 81 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fhm6gbwkg979t8bkkjkcq7h6%2FHomepage_Video_-_650_x_200%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dgif%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fhm6gbwkg979t8bkkjkcq7h6%2FHomepage_Video_-_650_x_200%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dgif%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75 — 200 — 8.2 MiB — 1.0 s — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Ffx2fhgtw6fgcnnxm9jsmhvx6%2FSales_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Ffx2fhgtw6fgcnnxm9jsmhvx6%2FSales_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75 — 200 — 1.8 KiB — 238 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F989gbc7rwpq4qhkf7p42bfg%2FOrder_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F989gbc7rwpq4qhkf7p42bfg%2FOrder_Support_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75 — 200 — 1.6 KiB — 242 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fs2pjpvgq9qcv7z96r9cj98%2FProduct_Training_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fs2pjpvgq9qcv7z96r9cj98%2FProduct_Training_Icon_-_Homepage%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75 — 200 — 1.8 KiB — 97 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fg3k5635hwgjvt4z3vpftgv%2FPromo_box_image_for_Inventory_sale__Adult_Large_Print__Promo_image_FY25%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fg3k5635hwgjvt4z3vpftgv%2FPromo_box_image_for_Inventory_sale__Adult_Large_Print__Promo_image_FY25%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75 — 200 — 124.2 KiB — 454 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F5xwt3v667hv8fpthwwsg57qn%2FPSE-HP-Promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2F5xwt3v667hv8fpthwwsg57qn%2FPSE-HP-Promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75 — 200 — 39.1 KiB — 363 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fntpwtqcz777pw47w9grfrsg%2FK12-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fntpwtqcz777pw47w9grfrsg%2FK12-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75 — 200 — 16.0 KiB — 299 ms — h2https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fts7r4bshxkstp8gkh465m2%2FPUB-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.... https://gale.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.bfldr.com%2FK1J9XRDX%2Fas%2Fts7r4bshxkstp8gkh465m2%2FPUB-HP-promo%3Fauto%3Dwebp%26format%3Dpng&w=1920&q=75 — 200 — 12.5 KiB — 295 ms — h2https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-b2b-en/logos/gale_logo_white.svgwww.cengage.com/binaries/content/ga... https://www.cengage.com/binaries/content/gallery/gale-b2b-en/logos/gale_logo_white.svg — 200 — 5.5 KiB 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https://t.co/i/adsct?bci=3&dv=UTC%26en-US%2Cen%26Google%20Inc.%26Linux%20x86_64%26255%26800%26600%264%2624%26800%26600%260%26na&eci=2&event_id=3e205c48-9b0e-41cc-8311-d4220b94870f&events=%5B%5B%22pageview%22%2C%7B%7D%5D%5D&integration=advertiser&p_id=Twitter&p_user_id=0&pl_id=e7538719-1f4b-4104-b507-e62a8ca4f12e&pt=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&tw_document_href=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&tw_iframe_status=0&tw_order_quantity=0&tw_pid_src=1&tw_sale_amount=0&twpid=tw.1776891850443.104473234694204383&txn_id=o2zpc&type=javascript&version=2.3.53 — 200 — 658 B — 59 ms — h2https://analytics.twitter.com/i/adsct?bci=3&dv=UTC%26en-US%2Cen%26Google%20Inc.%26Linux%20x86_64%26255%26800%26600%264%2624%26800%26600%260%26na&eci=2&event_id=3e205c48-9b0e-41cc-8311-d4220b94870f&events=%5B%5B%22pageview%22%2C%7B%7D%5D%5D&integration=advertiser&p_id=Twitter&p_user_id=0&pl_id=e7538719-1f4b-4104-b507-e62a8ca4f12e&pt=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&tw_document_href=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&tw_iframe_status=0&tw_order_quantity=0&tw_pid_src=1&tw_sale_amount=0&twpid=tw.1776891850443.104473234694204383&txn_id=o2zpc&type=javascript&version=2.3.53analytics.twitter.com/i/adsct?bci=3... https://analytics.twitter.com/i/adsct?bci=3&dv=UTC%26en-US%2Cen%26Google%20Inc.%26Linux%20x86_64%26255%26800%26600%264%2624%26800%26600%260%26na&eci=2&event_id=3e205c48-9b0e-41cc-8311-d4220b94870f&events=%5B%5B%22pageview%22%2C%7B%7D%5D%5D&integration=advertiser&p_id=Twitter&p_user_id=0&pl_id=e7538719-1f4b-4104-b507-e62a8ca4f12e&pt=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&tw_document_href=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&tw_iframe_status=0&tw_order_quantity=0&tw_pid_src=1&tw_sale_amount=0&twpid=tw.1776891850443.104473234694204383&txn_id=o2zpc&type=javascript&version=2.3.53 — 200 — 673 B — 56 ms — h2https://px.ads.linkedin.com/attribution_trigger?pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891850462&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2Fpx.ads.linkedin.com/attribution_tri... https://px.ads.linkedin.com/attribution_trigger?pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891850462&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F — 200 — 790 B — 66 ms — h2https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt=js&pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891850462&li_adsId=ded39b68-3ff8-4895-9a0e-73df2a66a986&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2Fpx.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt... https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt=js&pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891850462&li_adsId=ded39b68-3ff8-4895-9a0e-73df2a66a986&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F — 302 — 763 B — 75 ms — h2https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browsersr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/... https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browser — 200 — 0 B — 5 ms — h2https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browsersr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/... https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browser — 200 — 0 B — 8 ms — h2https://connect.facebook.net/signals/config/542901826435722?v=2.9.303&r=stable&domain=gale.com&hme=97937018cefade17726f0472876fc101316b2ce9008a35a6a5a7977d7436151a&ex_m=104%2C205%2C154%2C22%2C72%2C73%2C145%2C68%2C67%2C11%2C162%2C90%2C16%2C138%2C127%2C39%2C75%2C78%2C134%2C159%2C164%2C8%2C4%2C5%2C7%2C6%2C3%2C91%2C101%2C165%2C170%2C219%2C62%2C186%2C187%2C55%2C276%2C30%2C74%2C231%2C230%2C229%2C23%2C33%2C103%2C61%2C10%2C63%2C97%2C98%2C99%2C105%2C130%2C31%2C29%2C132%2C133%2C129%2C128%2C155%2C76%2C158%2C156%2C157%2C50%2C60%2C123%2C15%2C161%2C45%2C263%2C264%2C262%2C26%2C27%2C28%2C48%2C146%2C77%2C112%2C18%2C20%2C44%2C40%2C42%2C41%2C83%2C92%2C96%2C110%2C144%2C147%2C46%2C111%2C24%2C21%2C119%2C69%2C36%2C149%2C148%2C150%2C141%2C139%2C25%2C35%2C59%2C109%2C160%2C70%2C17%2C152%2C114%2C81%2C66%2C19%2C85%2C86%2C116%2C84%2C136%2C135%2C34%2C278%2C293%2C212%2C201%2C202%2C200%2C296%2C288%2C52%2C213%2C107%2C131%2C80%2C121%2C54%2C47%2C49%2C113%2C120%2C126%2C58%2C64%2C151%2C115%2C37%2C32%2C53%2C56%2C100%2C163%2C1%2C124%2C14%2C122%2C12%2C2%2C57%2C93%2C65%2C118%2C89%2C88%2C166%2C167%2C94%2C95%2C9%2C125%2C102%2C51%2C142%2C87%2C79%2C71%2C117%2C106%2C43%2C143%2C0%2C82%2C137%2C140%2C153%2C38%2C108%2C13%2C168connect.facebook.net/signals/config... https://connect.facebook.net/signals/config/542901826435722?v=2.9.303&r=stable&domain=gale.com&hme=97937018cefade17726f0472876fc101316b2ce9008a35a6a5a7977d7436151a&ex_m=104%2C205%2C154%2C22%2C72%2C73%2C145%2C68%2C67%2C11%2C162%2C90%2C16%2C138%2C127%2C39%2C75%2C78%2C134%2C159%2C164%2C8%2C4%2C5%2C7%2C6%2C3%2C91%2C101%2C165%2C170%2C219%2C62%2C186%2C187%2C55%2C276%2C30%2C74%2C231%2C230%2C229%2C23%2C33%2C103%2C61%2C10%2C63%2C97%2C98%2C99%2C105%2C130%2C31%2C29%2C132%2C133%2C129%2C128%2C155%2C76%2C158%2C156%2C157%2C50%2C60%2C123%2C15%2C161%2C45%2C263%2C264%2C262%2C26%2C27%2C28%2C48%2C146%2C77%2C112%2C18%2C20%2C44%2C40%2C42%2C41%2C83%2C92%2C96%2C110%2C144%2C147%2C46%2C111%2C24%2C21%2C119%2C69%2C36%2C149%2C148%2C150%2C141%2C139%2C25%2C35%2C59%2C109%2C160%2C70%2C17%2C152%2C114%2C81%2C66%2C19%2C85%2C86%2C116%2C84%2C136%2C135%2C34%2C278%2C293%2C212%2C201%2C202%2C200%2C296%2C288%2C52%2C213%2C107%2C131%2C80%2C121%2C54%2C47%2C49%2C113%2C120%2C126%2C58%2C64%2C151%2C115%2C37%2C32%2C53%2C56%2C100%2C163%2C1%2C124%2C14%2C122%2C12%2C2%2C57%2C93%2C65%2C118%2C89%2C88%2C166%2C167%2C94%2C95%2C9%2C125%2C102%2C51%2C142%2C87%2C79%2C71%2C117%2C106%2C43%2C143%2C0%2C82%2C137%2C140%2C153%2C38%2C108%2C13%2C168 — 200 — 44.8 KiB — 16 ms — h3https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt=js&pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891850462&li_adsId=ded39b68-3ff8-4895-9a0e-73df2a66a986&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&cookiesTest=truepx.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt... https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect?v=2&fmt=js&pid=199113%2C3250977&time=1776891850462&li_adsId=ded39b68-3ff8-4895-9a0e-73df2a66a986&url=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&cookiesTest=true — 200 — 668 B — 87 ms — h2https://analytics.google.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-WN1FMW4M6P&gtm=45je64k0v895323463z872254585za20gzb72254585zd72254585&_p=1776891849728&_gaz=1&gcd=13l3l3l3l1l1&npa=0&dma=0&_eu=AAAAAGA&are=1&cid=296911807.1776891851&frm=0&pscdl=noapi&rcb=16&sr=800x600&uaa=x86&uab=64&uafvl=Not-A.Brand%3B24.0.0.0%7CChromium%3B146.0.7680.164&uam=&uamb=0&uap=macOS&uapv=10.15.7&uaw=0&ul=en-us&gaf=2&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115938465~115938468~117266400~117512542&sid=1776891850&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&dt=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&_tu=QA&en=page_view&_fv=1&_nsi=1&_ss=1&ep.platform_name=catalog&ep.business_unit=HigherEd%2CSchool%2CWork&tfd=2248analytics.google.com/g/collect?v=2&... https://analytics.google.com/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-WN1FMW4M6P&gtm=45je64k0v895323463z872254585za20gzb72254585zd72254585&_p=1776891849728&_gaz=1&gcd=13l3l3l3l1l1&npa=0&dma=0&_eu=AAAAAGA&are=1&cid=296911807.1776891851&frm=0&pscdl=noapi&rcb=16&sr=800x600&uaa=x86&uab=64&uafvl=Not-A.Brand%3B24.0.0.0%7CChromium%3B146.0.7680.164&uam=&uamb=0&uap=macOS&uapv=10.15.7&uaw=0&ul=en-us&gaf=2&_s=1&tag_exp=0~115938465~115938468~117266400~117512542&sid=1776891850&sct=1&seg=0&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&dt=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&_tu=QA&en=page_view&_fv=1&_nsi=1&_ss=1&ep.platform_name=catalog&ep.business_unit=HigherEd%2CSchool%2CWork&tfd=2248 — 204 — 544 B — 210 ms — h2https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-WN1FMW4M6P&cid=296911807.1776891851&gtm=45je64k0v895323463z872254585za20gzb72254585zd72254585&rcb=16&aip=1&dma=0&gcd=13l3l3l3l1l1&npa=0&frm=0&tag_exp=0~115938465~115938468~117266400~117512542stats.g.doubleclick.net/g/collect?v... https://stats.g.doubleclick.net/g/collect?v=2&tid=G-WN1FMW4M6P&cid=296911807.1776891851&gtm=45je64k0v895323463z872254585za20gzb72254585zd72254585&rcb=16&aip=1&dma=0&gcd=13l3l3l3l1l1&npa=0&frm=0&tag_exp=0~115938465~115938468~117266400~117512542 — 204 — 544 B — 75 ms — h2https://px.ads.linkedin.com/wa/?medium=fetch&fmt=gpx.ads.linkedin.com/wa/?medium=fetc... https://px.ads.linkedin.com/wa/?medium=fetch&fmt=g — 204 — 43 B — 203 ms — h3https://capi-automation.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/public/client_js/capiParamBuilder/clientParamBuilder.bundle.jscapi-automation.s3.us-east-2.amazon... https://capi-automation.s3.us-east-2.amazonaws.com/public/client_js/capiParamBuilder/clientParamBuilder.bundle.js — -1 — 0 B — 0 ms — https://www.facebook.com/tr/?id=542901826435722&ev=PageView&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1776891850714&sw=800&sh=600&v=2.9.303&r=stable&a=tmSimo-GTM-WebTemplate-2.0.3&ec=0&o=12318&fbp=fb.1.1776891850705.182079247608665115&ler=empty&cdl=API_unavailable&pmd[title]=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&pmd[locale]=en&pmd[description]=Gale%2C%20part%20of%20Cengage%20Group%2C%20provides%20historical%20archive%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20and%20trusted%20educational%20resources%20for%20academic%2C%20K-12%2C%20and%20public%20libraries.&pmd[keywords]=Gale%2C%20educational%20resources%2C%20library%20resources%2C%20gale%20cengage%2C%20library%20databases%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20historical%20archive&plt=1150.7999999523163&it=1776891850535&coo=false&tm=1&expv2[0]=pl0&expv2[1]=el2&expv2[2]=bc1&expv2[3]=ra2&expv2[4]=rp2&expv2[5]=ct2&expv2[6]=hf1&rqm=GETwww.facebook.com/tr/?id=54290182643... https://www.facebook.com/tr/?id=542901826435722&ev=PageView&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1776891850714&sw=800&sh=600&v=2.9.303&r=stable&a=tmSimo-GTM-WebTemplate-2.0.3&ec=0&o=12318&fbp=fb.1.1776891850705.182079247608665115&ler=empty&cdl=API_unavailable&pmd[title]=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&pmd[locale]=en&pmd[description]=Gale%2C%20part%20of%20Cengage%20Group%2C%20provides%20historical%20archive%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20and%20trusted%20educational%20resources%20for%20academic%2C%20K-12%2C%20and%20public%20libraries.&pmd[keywords]=Gale%2C%20educational%20resources%2C%20library%20resources%2C%20gale%20cengage%2C%20library%20databases%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20historical%20archive&plt=1150.7999999523163&it=1776891850535&coo=false&tm=1&expv2[0]=pl0&expv2[1]=el2&expv2[2]=bc1&expv2[3]=ra2&expv2[4]=rp2&expv2[5]=ct2&expv2[6]=hf1&rqm=GET — 200 — 16 B — 16 ms — h3https://www.facebook.com/privacy_sandbox/pixel/register/trigger/?id=542901826435722&ev=PageView&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1776891850714&sw=800&sh=600&v=2.9.303&r=stable&a=tmSimo-GTM-WebTemplate-2.0.3&ec=0&o=12318&fbp=fb.1.1776891850705.182079247608665115&ler=empty&cdl=API_unavailable&pmd[title]=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&pmd[locale]=en&pmd[description]=Gale%2C%20part%20of%20Cengage%20Group%2C%20provides%20historical%20archive%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20and%20trusted%20educational%20resources%20for%20academic%2C%20K-12%2C%20and%20public%20libraries.&pmd[keywords]=Gale%2C%20educational%20resources%2C%20library%20resources%2C%20gale%20cengage%2C%20library%20databases%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20historical%20archive&plt=1150.7999999523163&it=1776891850535&coo=false&tm=1&expv2[0]=pl0&expv2[1]=el2&expv2[2]=bc1&expv2[3]=ra2&expv2[4]=rp2&expv2[5]=ct2&expv2[6]=hf1&rqm=FGETwww.facebook.com/privacy_sandbox/pi... https://www.facebook.com/privacy_sandbox/pixel/register/trigger/?id=542901826435722&ev=PageView&dl=https%3A%2F%2Fgale.com%2F&rl=&if=false&ts=1776891850714&sw=800&sh=600&v=2.9.303&r=stable&a=tmSimo-GTM-WebTemplate-2.0.3&ec=0&o=12318&fbp=fb.1.1776891850705.182079247608665115&ler=empty&cdl=API_unavailable&pmd[title]=Gale%3A%20Historical%20Archive%2C%20Educational%20%26%20Library%20Resources&pmd[locale]=en&pmd[description]=Gale%2C%20part%20of%20Cengage%20Group%2C%20provides%20historical%20archive%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20and%20trusted%20educational%20resources%20for%20academic%2C%20K-12%2C%20and%20public%20libraries.&pmd[keywords]=Gale%2C%20educational%20resources%2C%20library%20resources%2C%20gale%20cengage%2C%20library%20databases%2C%20library%20solutions%2C%20historical%20archive&plt=1150.7999999523163&it=1776891850535&coo=false&tm=1&expv2[0]=pl0&expv2[1]=el2&expv2[2]=bc1&expv2[3]=ra2&expv2[4]=rp2&expv2[5]=ct2&expv2[6]=hf1&rqm=FGET — 200 — 201 B — 101 ms — h3https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browsersr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/... https://sr-client-cfg.amplitude.com/config/b73fa33d14285b95762b84a1611807b7?config_group=browser — 200 — 0 B — 3 ms — h2https://gale.com/images/favicons/favicon.ico/images/favicons/favicon.ico https://gale.com/images/favicons/favicon.ico — 200 — 6.7 KiB — 125 ms — h2https://api-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/track?device_id=93e13f21-21ef-4e55-976d-aff0d99047f7&session_id=1776891850729&type=replayapi-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/tr... https://api-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/track?device_id=93e13f21-21ef-4e55-976d-aff0d99047f7&session_id=1776891850729&type=replay — 200 — 0 B — 83 ms — h2https://api-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/track?device_id=93e13f21-21ef-4e55-976d-aff0d99047f7&session_id=1776891850729&type=replayapi-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/tr... https://api-sr.amplitude.com/sessions/v2/track?device_id=93e13f21-21ef-4e55-976d-aff0d99047f7&session_id=1776891850729&type=replay — 200 — 135 B — 100 ms — h2https://api2.amplitude.com/2/httpapiapi2.amplitude.com/2/httpapi https://api2.amplitude.com/2/httpapi — 200 — 0 B — 85 ms — h2https://api2.amplitude.com/2/httpapiapi2.amplitude.com/2/httpapi https://api2.amplitude.com/2/httpapi — 200 — 217 B — 41 ms — h2
HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
51% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 939ms · 607KB · €10/mo
Unattributable
Other
Costly
Execution 281ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost €3/mo
Amplitude
Analytics
Costly
Execution 222ms
Transfer 80 KB
Unused 62%
Monthly Cost €2/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Optional
Execution 179ms
Transfer 150 KB
Unused 39%
Monthly Cost €2/mo
OneTrust
Consent
Essential
Execution 106ms
Transfer 123 KB
Unused 53%
Monthly Cost €1/mo
Google Tag Manager
Tag Manager
Optional
Execution 94ms
Transfer 158 KB
Unused 42%
Monthly Cost €1/mo
Facebook Pixel
Advertising
Optional
Execution 57ms
Transfer 97 KB
Unused 36%
Monthly Cost €1/mo

These scripts may cost more than they're worth

  • Unattributable adds 281ms and costs ~€3/month
  • Amplitude adds 222ms and costs ~€2/month

51% of JavaScript execution time comes from third-party scripts.

Why this matters

Third-party scripts (analytics, ads, social, A/B testing) often dominate execution time — every one is a perf-and-privacy tax.

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Each third-party script is a black box: you don't control when it loads, what it executes, or how much it grows. They often account for a major share of total blocking time on average sites (HTTP Archive's Web Almanac documents the trend). Audit which ones you actually need, defer the rest, and use facade patterns (lite-youtube, lite-vimeo) for embedded media.

Source: web.dev / HTTP Archive Web Almanac

Unattributable takes 281ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

Amplitude takes 222ms of CPU time. Consider loading it asynchronously or replacing it with a lighter alternative.

Why this matters

This script has high main-thread execution time — optimize hot paths or defer.

Source: web.dev

62% of Amplitude's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

53% of OneTrust's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

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