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Performance

· 15 checks — Lighthouse + waterfall + sustainability rolled into one auditable list.
SCORE
82
GRADE
B
FIX
2
REVIEW
4
PASS
7
INFO
2

Performance-focused optimization plan with CWV assessment, top offenders, and time estimates

Mobile Desktop
86
Performance Overall performance score (0–100) based on Core Web Vitals and other metrics. 90+ is good.
100
Accessibility Measures how accessible the page is for users with disabilities. Checks color contrast, ARIA labels, and semantic HTML.
100
Best Practices Checks for modern web development best practices including HTTPS, no console errors, and secure JavaScript.
100
SEO Measures basic SEO optimizations: meta tags, crawlability, link text, and mobile friendliness.

First Contentful Paint First Contentful Paint — how long until the browser renders the first piece of content. Under 1.8s is good.

1.19 s

Largest Contentful Paint Largest Contentful Paint — how long until the largest visible element loads. Under 2.5s is good.

2.11 s

Total Blocking Time Total Blocking Time — total time the main thread was blocked, preventing user input. Under 200ms is good.

0 ms

Cumulative Layout Shift Cumulative Layout Shift — measures visual stability. How much the page layout shifts during loading. Under 0.1 is good.

0.000

Speed Index Speed Index — how quickly content is visually displayed during load. Under 3.4s is good.

1.22 s

Time to Interactive Time to Interactive — how long until the page is fully interactive and responds to user input. Under 3.8s is good.

2.12 s

Page Load Progression

375 ms
750 ms
1.1 s
1.5 s
1.9 s
2.2 s
2.6 s
3.0 s
Checks
15
7 PASS 4 REVIEW 2 FIX
D
Third-Party Impact
Action
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
FIX
100% third-party, 0 ms blocking
Warning::
Third-party code accounts for 100% of page weight (1.7 MiB of 1.7 MiB)
Info::
Third-party blocking time is low (0 ms)
100%
First-party Third-party
D
Page Weight Inventory
Action
44 resources · 1.7 MB · 246 KB savings available
FIX
44 resources · 1.7 MB · 246 KB savings available
Warning::
Page weight 675 KB over 1MB target
Got: 1.7 MB Expected: ≤ 1 MB
Info::
~246 KB of savings available
Warning::
43 third-party resources (100% of weight)
Info::
1 resources over 200KB
44 resources · 1.7 MiB · 43 third-party 675.0 KiB over 1MB target
Image 48% · 823.5 KiB
JavaScript 34% · 581.2 KiB
Font 8% · 140.0 KiB
Other 4% · 63.2 KiB
Document 3% · 58.9 KiB
CSS 2% · 32.2 KiB

~246.2 KiB of savings available

Remove unused JavaScript: 246.2 KiB
C
Page Weight Budget
Action
1.7 MB transferred, 44 requests
REVIEW
1.7 MB transferred, 44 requests
Info::
Page weighs 3.8 MB (1.7 MB transferred)
Warning::
JavaScript is 581 KB — consider code splitting or lazy loading
Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.
Got: 581 KB
Info::
44 HTTP requests
Info::
Estimated 0.35 g CO2 per page load
1.7 MB / 2.4 MB budget
1.7 MB transferred
44 requests
0.35 g CO2 per page load
Images 822.1 KiB 48%
JavaScript 581.2 KiB 34%
Fonts 140.0 KiB 8%
HTML 58.6 KiB 3%
Other 38.1 KiB 2%
CSS 32.2 KiB 2%
Other 26.3 KiB 2%
Other 633 B 0%
0 2.4 MB 4.9 MB
Approaching limit

Large JavaScript bundles delay interactivity. Split code by route or defer non-critical scripts.

Why this matters

JavaScript bundle is large — code-split routes and lazy-load off-screen components to defer.

Source: web.dev

C
Image Optimization
Action
18 images, 0 KB saveable
REVIEW
18 images, 0 KB saveable
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/bran... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darw... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/bran... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-sta... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
Warning::
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/bran... is missing width/height — may cause layout shift
Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.
18 images 822 KB
0 oversized -0 KB
8 legacy format
16 missing dimensions CLS risk

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

Set explicit width and height to prevent CLS.

Why this matters

Image without explicit width/height — browser can't reserve space; CLS jumps when image loads.

Source: web.dev / Core Web Vitals

C
JS Bundles
Action
10 scripts, 246 KB unused
REVIEW
10 scripts, 246 KB unused
Warning::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 142 KB unused (75%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ: 67 KB unused (34%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Warning::
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/...: 38 KB unused (58%)
Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.
Info::
Total unused JavaScript: 246 KB
246 KB unused JavaScript

Downloaded but never executed on this page.

ScriptSizeUnusedMinifiedParty
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604150101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097866189 KB142 KB (75%)✓3rd
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ200 KB67 KB (34%)✓3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.564 KB38 KB (58%)✓3rd
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js23 KB—✓3rd
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js40 KB—✓3rd
https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.js10 KB—✓3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js19 KB—✓3rd
https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.52 KB—✓3rd
https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=10 KB—✓3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js34 KB—✓3rd

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

Consider code splitting or tree shaking to reduce unused code.

Why this matters

This bundle has high unused code — code-split or tree-shake to ship only what executes.

Source: web.dev / Lighthouse coverage

C
Green Hosting
Action
Whether the site is served from green-energy infrastructure
REVIEW

Green Hosting

No green hosting detected

A+
Text Compression
All text resources are compressed
PASS
All text resources are compressed
Info::
All text resources are compressed
All text resources are properly compressed.
A+
JS Execution Cost
482ms total JS execution
PASS
482ms total JS execution
Info::
https://link.springer.com/brands/springer: 183ms CPU time
Info::
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ: 113ms CPU time
Info::
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consen...: 76ms CPU time
Info::
Unattributable: 60ms CPU time
Info::
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/manag...: 50ms CPU time
Warning::
Third-party scripts: 482ms (100% of total)

Main Thread Breakdown

Script Evaluation 45% Other 22% Style & Layout 20% Script Parsing & Compilation 8% Rendering 4%
ScriptTotalScriptingParse/CompileParty
https://link.springer.com/brands/springer183ms6ms1ms3rd
https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ113ms95ms15ms3rd
https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js76ms57ms3ms3rd
Unattributable60ms5ms0ms3rd
https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604150101/pubads_impl.js?cb=3109786650ms37ms12ms3rd
A+
Font Loading
3 fonts (140 KB)
PASS
3 fonts (140 KB)
Info::
3 font(s) use font-display: swap (FOUT risk but functional)

Web fonts

3

140 KB total

Render-blocking

0

of 3

Dominant font-display

swap

Most common across fonts

Font loading timeline
Transfer FOIT (block) FOUT (swap)
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 2.0 s FCP 1.2 s LCP 2.1 shttps://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2MerriweatherSans-Variab... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 49.3 KiB — 9 ms — font-display: swaphttps://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSansItalic-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-c60161cc6f.woff2MerriweatherSansItalic-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSansItalic-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-c60161cc6f.woff2 — 50.1 KiB — 10 ms — font-display: swaphttps://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin-ext/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-ext-subset-6355dd6b32.woff2MerriweatherSans-Variab... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin-ext/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-ext-subset-6355dd6b32.woff2 — 40.6 KiB — 12 ms — font-display: swap
MerriweatherSans-Variab... woff2 swap
Size 49 KB
Load time 9 ms
Start 659 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
MerriweatherSansItalic-... woff2 swap
Size 50 KB
Load time 10 ms
Start 659 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
MerriweatherSans-Variab... woff2 swap
Size 41 KB
Load time 12 ms
Start 660 ms
Risk FOUT — text flashes from fallback to web font
Optimization checklist
  • Preload critical fonts (priority=high)
  • Use woff2 format for all fonts
  • Set font-display to swap, optional, or fallback
  • Subset large fonts (≤100 KB each)
A+
Resource Caching
All resources properly cached
PASS
All resources properly cached
Info::
No caching issues found
All static resources have appropriate caching headers.
A+
Critical Rendering Path
No render-blocking resources
PASS
No render-blocking resources
Info::
No render-blocking resources detected
A+
Resource Hints
No optimization needed
PASS
No optimization needed
Info::
No resource hint issues
A
HTTP Caching
max-age=3600 (1 hour)
PASS
max-age=3600 (1 hour)
Info::
Cache-Control header is set
Got: max-age=3600
Info::
Effective TTL: 1 hour (max-age=3600)
Info::
No ETag or Last-Modified header
Conditional requests (304 Not Modified) are not possible without validators.
Cache-Control

max-age=3600

DirectiveValueMeaning
max-age3600Cache for 1 hour
Effective TTL: 3600 seconds
Network Waterfall
44 requests over 1322ms
INFO
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 2.0 s FCP 1.2 s LCP 2.1 shttps://springer.com// https://springer.com/ — 301 — 247 B — 92 ms — h2https://www.springer.com/www.springer.com/ https://www.springer.com/ — 303 — 363 B — 43 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/springerlink.springer.com/brands/springer https://link.springer.com/brands/springer — 303 — 483 B — 75 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fspringeridp.springer.com/authorize?response... https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fspringer — 302 — 808 B — 59 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fspringer&code=d8b02124-9824-43d0-a736-4ca4cae725e3idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_u... https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fspringer&code=d8b02124-9824-43d0-a736-4ca4cae725e3 — 302 — 186 B — 42 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/springerlink.springer.com/brands/springer https://link.springer.com/brands/springer — 200 — 58.6 KiB — 258 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.css — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 4 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-springer-c368be5c23.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-springer-c368be5c23.css — 200 — 30.2 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svg — 200 — 2.4 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/springer_logo-c830ed344c.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/springer_logo-c830ed344c.svg — 200 — 3.0 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/springer_hero-0802427e76.pnglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/springer_hero-0802427e76.png — 200 — 698.8 KiB — 21 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/brand-badge-german-538891401d.pnglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/brand-badge-german-538891401d.png — 200 — 1.6 KiB — 8 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/p... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js — 200 — 23.0 KiB — 14 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.jscmp.springer.com/production_live/en... https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js — 200 — 40.0 KiB — 11 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.css — 200 — 704 B — 13 ms — h3https://cart.springer.com/cart-infocart.springer.com/cart-info https://cart.springer.com/cart-info — 200 — 174 B — 35 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-032-10099-3?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-032-10099-3?as=webp — 200 — 7.7 KiB — 35 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-98791-5?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-98791-5?as=webp — 200 — 6.2 KiB — 30 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-032-19034-5?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-032-19034-5?as=webp — 200 — 9.1 KiB — 25 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-6974-8?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-6974-8?as=webp — 200 — 8.8 KiB — 27 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/38311?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/38311?as=webp — -1 — 0 B — 0 ms — https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-4601-5?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-4601-5?as=webp — 200 — 9.3 KiB — 28 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-3546-0?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-3546-0?as=webp — 200 — 6.6 KiB — 31 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2link.springer.com/oscar-static/font... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 200 — 49.3 KiB — 9 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSansItalic-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-c60161cc6f.woff2link.springer.com/oscar-static/font... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSansItalic-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-c60161cc6f.woff2 — 200 — 50.1 KiB — 10 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin-ext/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-ext-subset-6355dd6b32.woff2link.springer.com/oscar-static/font... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin-ext/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-ext-subset-6355dd6b32.woff2 — 200 — 40.6 KiB — 12 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/b... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.js — 200 — 10.2 KiB — 16 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/60485.jpg?as=webp?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/60485.jpg?as=webp?as=webp — 200 — 6.2 KiB — 16 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/60260.jpg?as=webp?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/60260.jpg?as=webp?as=webp — 200 — 9.6 KiB — 14 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/16462.jpg?as=webp?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/16462.jpg?as=webp?as=webp — 200 — 17.0 KiB — 18 ms — h2
0 ms 500 ms 1.0 s 1.5 s 2.0 s FCP 1.2 s LCP 2.1 shttps://springer.com// https://springer.com/ — 301 — 247 B — 92 ms — h2https://www.springer.com/www.springer.com/ https://www.springer.com/ — 303 — 363 B — 43 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/springerlink.springer.com/brands/springer https://link.springer.com/brands/springer — 303 — 483 B — 75 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fspringeridp.springer.com/authorize?response... https://idp.springer.com/authorize?response_type=cookie&client_id=springerlink&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fspringer — 302 — 808 B — 59 ms — h2https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fspringer&code=d8b02124-9824-43d0-a736-4ca4cae725e3idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_u... https://idp.springer.com/transit?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbrands%2Fspringer&code=d8b02124-9824-43d0-a736-4ca4cae725e3 — 302 — 186 B — 42 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/brands/springerlink.springer.com/brands/springer https://link.springer.com/brands/springer — 200 — 58.6 KiB — 258 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/core-darwin-e33163985d.css — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 4 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-springer-c368be5c23.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/enhanced-brand-hub-springer-c368be5c23.css — 200 — 30.2 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/darwin/header/img/logo-springer-nature-link-05805fde18.svg — 200 — 2.4 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/springer_logo-c830ed344c.svglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/springer_logo-c830ed344c.svg — 200 — 3.0 KiB — 7 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/springer_hero-0802427e76.pnglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/springer_hero-0802427e76.png — 200 — 698.8 KiB — 21 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/brand-badge-german-538891401d.pnglink.springer.com/oscar-static/imag... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/images/brand-hubs/brand-badge-german-538891401d.png — 200 — 1.6 KiB — 8 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/p... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/polyfill-es5-bundle-f665f963ea.js — 200 — 23.0 KiB — 14 ms — h3https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.jscmp.springer.com/production_live/en... https://cmp.springer.com/production_live/en/consent-bundle-17-72.js — 200 — 40.0 KiB — 11 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.csslink.springer.com/oscar-static/app-... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/app-springerlink/css/print-5e77550b92.css — 200 — 704 B — 13 ms — h3https://cart.springer.com/cart-infocart.springer.com/cart-info https://cart.springer.com/cart-info — 200 — 174 B — 35 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-032-10099-3?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-032-10099-3?as=webp — 200 — 7.7 KiB — 35 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-98791-5?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-031-98791-5?as=webp — 200 — 6.2 KiB — 30 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-032-19034-5?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-032-19034-5?as=webp — 200 — 9.1 KiB — 25 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-6974-8?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-6974-8?as=webp — 200 — 8.8 KiB — 27 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/38311?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/38311?as=webp — -1 — 0 B — 0 ms — https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-4601-5?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-4601-5?as=webp — 200 — 9.3 KiB — 28 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-3546-0?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-981-95-3546-0?as=webp — 200 — 6.6 KiB — 31 ms — h2https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2link.springer.com/oscar-static/font... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-6a2bbc1ea4.woff2 — 200 — 49.3 KiB — 9 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSansItalic-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-c60161cc6f.woff2link.springer.com/oscar-static/font... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin/MerriweatherSansItalic-Variable-Optimised-latin-subset-c60161cc6f.woff2 — 200 — 50.1 KiB — 10 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin-ext/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-ext-subset-6355dd6b32.woff2link.springer.com/oscar-static/font... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/fonts/merriweather/subsets/latin-ext/MerriweatherSans-Variable-Optimised-latin-ext-subset-6355dd6b32.woff2 — 200 — 40.6 KiB — 12 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.jslink.springer.com/oscar-static/js/b... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/js/brandhubspage-es6-bundle-bc4bf4619f.js — 200 — 10.2 KiB — 16 ms — h3https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/60485.jpg?as=webp?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/60485.jpg?as=webp?as=webp — 200 — 6.2 KiB — 16 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/60260.jpg?as=webp?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/60260.jpg?as=webp?as=webp — 200 — 9.6 KiB — 14 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/16462.jpg?as=webp?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w184/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w184/springer-static/cover/series/16462.jpg?as=webp?as=webp — 200 — 17.0 KiB — 18 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/11600?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/11600?as=webp — 200 — 19.9 KiB — 19 ms — h2https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12136?as=webpmedia.springernature.com/w230/sprin... https://media.springernature.com/w230/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/12136?as=webp — 200 — 15.5 KiB — 7 ms — h2https://cmp.springer.com/vendor-list.jsoncmp.springer.com/vendor-list.json https://cmp.springer.com/vendor-list.json — 200 — 37.9 KiB — 5 ms — h2https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRV... https://sgtm.springer.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 199.8 KiB — 170 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.jscdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/MathJax.js?config=TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js — 200 — 18.6 KiB — 9 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/config/TeX-AMS-MML_SVG.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 64.4 KiB — 5 ms — h2https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/... https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2.7.5/jax/output/HTML-CSS/config.js?V=2.7.5 — 200 — 2.0 KiB — 2 ms — h3https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=... https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-MRVXSHQ&gtg_health=1 — 200 — 392 B — 137 ms — h2https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbrands%252Fspringer&dr=&dt=Springer%20%7C%20Partner,%20knowledge,%20expertise&sr=800x600&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQsgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp... https://sgtm.springernature.com/collect-cmp?en=banner_visible&ec=undefined&dl=https%253A%252F%252Flink.springer.com%252Fbrands%252Fspringer&dr=&dt=Springer%20%7C%20Partner,%20knowledge,%20expertise&sr=800x600&gtmid=GTM-MRVXSHQ — 200 — 251 B — 80 ms — h2https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.jspagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/j... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/tag/js/gpt.js — 200 — 33.7 KiB — 156 ms — h3https://idp.springer.com/exposed-detailsidp.springer.com/exposed-details https://idp.springer.com/exposed-details — 200 — 633 B — 40 ms — h3https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604150101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097866pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/js/gpt/m202604150101/pubads_impl.js?cb=31097866 — 200 — 189.2 KiB — 114 ms — h3https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/dict/m202604160101/gptpagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagea... https://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/managed/dict/m202604160101/gpt — 200 — 22.8 KiB — 68 ms — h3https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-de0c289efe.icolink.springer.com/oscar-static/img/... https://link.springer.com/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-de0c289efe.ico — 200 — 1.4 KiB — 2 ms — h3
HTML JavaScript CSS Images Fonts XHR/Fetch Other
Third-Party Script Cost
Per-script blocking time, transfer cost, and cache headers
INFO
100% of JavaScript execution is third-party
First-party Third-party 482ms · 488KB · €3/mo
link.springer.com
Other
Optional
Execution 183ms
Transfer 59 KB
Monthly Cost €1/mo
sgtm.springer.com
Other
Optional
Execution 113ms
Transfer 200 KB
Unused 34%
Monthly Cost €1/mo
cmp.springer.com
Other
Optional
Execution 76ms
Transfer 40 KB
Monthly Cost €0/mo
Unattributable
Other
Optional
Execution 60ms
Transfer 0 KB
Monthly Cost €0/mo
pagead2.googlesyndication.com
Other
Optional
Execution 50ms
Transfer 189 KB
Unused 75%
Monthly Cost €0/mo

100% of JavaScript execution time is spent on third-party scripts. Consider auditing which scripts are essential.

Why this matters

When third-party JS execution time exceeds your own, performance gains from frontend work are capped by code you don't own.

Learn more ▾

Every millisecond of third-party JS competes with your own for main-thread time. If their share is bigger than yours, optimization on your code base barely moves the needle. Audit, defer, or remove third-parties before further frontend optimization. Use Lighthouse's third-party audit to identify the worst offenders.

Source: web.dev

75% of pagead2.googlesyndication.com's code is unused. The script may be loading features you don't use.

Why this matters

Bundle has high unused-code ratio — tree-shaking and route-splitting recover the wasted bytes.

Source: web.dev

How third-party costs are calculated

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.

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