Lighthouse Mobile

· 0 checks — Mobile Lighthouse audit -- Performance, Accessibility, Best Practices, and SEO category breakdown.

SCORE

GRADE

FIX

REVIEW

PASS

INFO

Detailed Report

Audit breakdown by category with detailed findings.

Performance

Insights

Remove large, duplicate JavaScript modules from bundles to reduce unnecessary bytes consumed by network activity.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Polyfills and transforms enable older browsers to use new JavaScript features. However, many aren't necessary for modern browsers. Consider modifying your JavaScript build process to not transpile Baseline features, unless you know you must support older browsers. Learn why most sites can deploy ES6+ code without transpiling

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

3rd party code can significantly impact load performance. Reduce and defer loading of 3rd party code to prioritize your page's content.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

A long cache lifetime can speed up repeat visits to your page. Learn more about caching.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Request	Cache TTL	Transfer Size
www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js	7200.0 s	20.9 KiB
www.dwin1.com/53581.js	600.0 s	13.4 KiB
pftag.scholarlyiq.com/siqpagetag.js	0.0 ms	3.6 KiB
cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/MathJax.js?config=default	604800.0 s	20.0 KiB
cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/extensions/MathMenu.js?V=2.7.9	604800.0 s	12.2 KiB
cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/config/default.js?V=2.7.9	604800.0 s	10.9 KiB
cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/extensions/MathZoom.js?V=2.7.9	604800.0 s	3.4 KiB
cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/extensions/mml2jax.js?V=2.7.9	604800.0 s	2.5 KiB
cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/jax/output/CommonHTML/config.js?V=2.7.9	604800.0 s	1.1 KiB
cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/jax/output/NativeMML/config.js?V=2.7.9	604800.0 s	1015 B
cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/jax/input/MathML/config.js?V=2.7.9	604800.0 s	922 B

Layout shifts occur when elements move absent any user interaction. Investigate the causes of layout shifts, such as elements being added, removed, or their fonts changing as the page loads.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

headings: [map[key:node label:Element subItemsHeading:map[key:extra] valueType:node] map[granularity:0.001 key:score label:Layout shift score subItemsHeading:map[key:cause valueType:text] valueType:numeric]]

items: [map[node:map[type:text value:Total] score:1.604936] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:1135 height:763 left:0 right:412 top:372 width:412] lhId:page-7-DIV nodeLabel:Title Highlights path:8,HTML,1,BODY,7,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV selector:div#pageBody > div.configurable-layout > div.layout > div.column-group snippet:<div class="column-group columns-1 has-centerColumn no-leftColumn no-rightColumn flex …"> type:node] score:0.433196 subItems:map[items:[map[cause:Unsized image element extra:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:280 height:140 left:-619 right:-289 top:139 width:330] lhId:page-14-IMG nodeLabel:div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img path:8,HTML,1,BODY,7,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,2,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,A,0,IMG selector:div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img snippet:<img alt="" src="/fileasset/home/home_hero_5.png"> type:node]]] type:subitems]] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:2663 height:1528 left:0 right:412 top:1135 width:412] lhId:page-1-DIV nodeLabel:Product Information Books Journals Specialty Products Metadata: Title Lists… path:8,HTML,1,BODY,7,DIV,2,DIV selector:body.home > div#contentWrapper > div#footerWrap snippet:<div id="footerWrap" class="c-Footer" data-js="footer"> type:node] score:0.426925 subItems:map[items:[map[cause:Unsized image element extra:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:1035 height:499 left:1277 right:1607 top:535 width:330] lhId:page-12-IMG nodeLabel:Cover Global Catholicism path:8,HTML,1,BODY,7,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,5,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,A,0,PICTURE,2,IMG selector:div.cover > a > picture > img snippet:<img class="" alt="Cover Global Catholicism" src="https://brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F70393&width=200&type=webp"> type:node]]] type:subitems]] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:1135 height:763 left:0 right:412 top:372 width:412] lhId:page-7-DIV nodeLabel:Title Highlights path:8,HTML,1,BODY,7,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV selector:div#pageBody > div.configurable-layout > div.layout > div.column-group snippet:<div class="column-group columns-1 has-centerColumn no-leftColumn no-rightColumn flex …"> type:node] score:0.3187 subItems:map[items:[map[cause:Unsized image element extra:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:280 height:140 left:-289 right:41 top:139 width:330] lhId:page-13-IMG nodeLabel:div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img path:8,HTML,1,BODY,7,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,2,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,A,0,IMG selector:div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img snippet:<img alt="" src="/fileasset/home/home_hero_whm2026.png"> type:node]]] type:subitems]] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:1035 height:499 left:1236 right:1648 top:535 width:412] lhId:page-4-DIV nodeLabel:Cover Global Catholicism path:8,HTML,1,BODY,7,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,5,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV selector:div.slide > div.typography-body > div.component > div.cover snippet:<div class="cover cover-image "> type:node] score:0.317575 subItems:map[items:[map[cause:Unsized image element extra:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:1038 height:503 left:-371 right:-41 top:535 width:330] lhId:page-0-IMG nodeLabel:Cover International Investment Law and the Pandemic path:8,HTML,1,BODY,7,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,A,0,PICTURE,2,IMG selector:div.cover > a > picture > img snippet:<img class="" alt="Cover International Investment Law and the Pandemic" src="https://brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F64497&width=200&type=webp"> type:node]]] type:subitems]] map[node:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:1135 height:1046 left:0 right:412 top:89 width:412] lhId:page-8-DIV nodeLabel:1234 Title Highlights path:8,HTML,1,BODY,7,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV selector:div#contentWrapper > div#columnWrapper > div#pageBody > div.configurable-layout snippet:<div class="configurable-layout w-1"> type:node] score:0.10854 subItems:map[items:[map[cause:Unsized image element extra:map[boundingRect:map[bottom:280 height:140 left:-289 right:41 top:139 width:330] lhId:page-13-IMG nodeLabel:div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img path:8,HTML,1,BODY,7,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,2,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,A,0,IMG selector:div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img snippet:<img alt="" src="/fileasset/home/home_hero_whm2026.png"> type:node]]] type:subitems]]]

Your first network request is the most important. Reduce its latency by avoiding redirects, ensuring a fast server response, and enabling text compression.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Consider setting font-display to swap or optional to ensure text is consistently visible. swap can be further optimized to mitigate layout shifts with font metric overrides.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Est Savings
/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6/fonts/bril...	300 ms
brill.com/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6/fonts/pf2-icons.woff2	260 ms
/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6/fonts/Mate...	45 ms

Optimize LCP by making the LCP image discoverable from the HTML immediately, and avoiding lazy-loading

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

lhId: page-0-IMG

nodeLabel: Cover International Investment Law and the Pandemic

path: 8,HTML,1,BODY,7,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,1,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,DIV,0,A,0,PICTURE,2,IMG

selector: div.cover > a > picture > img

snippet: <img class="" alt="Cover International Investment Law and the Pandemic" src="https://brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F64497&width=200&type=webp">

Avoid chaining critical requests by reducing the length of chains, reducing the download size of resources, or deferring the download of unnecessary resources to improve page load.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

description: [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints help the browser establish a connection earlier in the page load, saving time when the first request for that origin is made. The following are the origins that the page preconnected to.

title: Preconnected origins

description: Add [preconnect](https://developer.chrome.com/docs/lighthouse/performance/uses-rel-preconnect/) hints to your most important origins, but try to use no more than 4.

title: Preconnect candidates

value: No additional origins are good candidates for preconnecting

Requests are blocking the page's initial render, which may delay LCP. Deferring or inlining can move these network requests out of the critical path.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Transfer Size	Duration
/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6-2F47E1D8F3...	135.9 KiB	2.2 s
brill.com/assets/shared/z50f546a3/js/lightbox/lightbox.js	3.4 KiB	150 ms
cdn.cookielaw.org/consent/d2e19b44-09e3-4fd6-bf71-71d8fe31d61c/OtAutoBlock.js	0 B	780 ms
cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js	0 B	780 ms
brill.com/assets/vendor/zaa95d746/micromodal.js/micromodal.min.js	3.1 KiB
/staticcss/cms/patternTemplate/styles.css?cssPrefix=div.p...	0 B	232 ms
brill.com/assets/meta/z6a76c159/tapestry5/font_awesome/css/font-awesome.css	8.1 KiB	532 ms
brill.com/assets/shared/z96255596/js/dist/shareLink.js	1.4 KiB
/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6-2F47E1D8F3...	1.3 KiB	232 ms
brill.com/assets/vendor/e4eb129f/respond.min.js	5.2 KiB
brill.com/assets/vendor/z50dfce42/jquery-ui/jquery-ui.min.css	5.6 KiB	232 ms
brill.com/assets/vendor/zfe2d8b3c/font-awesome/css/brands.min.css	5.5 KiB	382 ms
brill.com/assets/vendor/ze5c2e950/splide/splide.min.css	1.7 KiB	232 ms
brill.com/assets/css/zbb83c97/default.css	878 B	232 ms
brill.com/fileasset/fonts/Brill/brill.css	1.5 KiB
cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/MathJax.js?config=default	20.0 KiB	1.2 s
/staticcss/cms/patternTemplate/styles.css?cssPrefix=div.p...	0 B	232 ms

Reducing the download time of images can improve the perceived load time of the page and LCP. Learn more about optimizing image size

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

	URL	Resource Size	Est Savings
div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img `div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img`	brill.com/fileasset/home/home_hero_whm2026.png	1.7 MiB	1.7 MiB
div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img `div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img`	brill.com/fileasset/home/home_dlcc.png	616.1 KiB	593.0 KiB
div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img `div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img`	brill.com/fileasset/home/home_hero_5.png	338.3 KiB	315.2 KiB
div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img `div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img`	brill.com/fileasset/home/home_hero_default2025_eng.png	57.3 KiB	34.2 KiB
Cover Handbook of Chinese Migration to Europe `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F63002&width=200&type=webp	19.5 KiB	9.6 KiB
Cover Le yiddish, l’inconscient, les langues `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F70130&width=200&type=webp	14.8 KiB	4.9 KiB

These insights are also available in the Chrome DevTools Performance Panel - record a trace to view more detailed information.

Redirects introduce additional delays before the page can be loaded. Learn how to avoid page redirects.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 907 ms

URL	Time Spent
brill.com/	907 ms
brill.com/	0.0 ms

Keep the server response time for the main document short because all other requests depend on it. Learn more about the Time to First Byte metric.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 1.2 s

URL	Time Spent
brill.com/	1.3 s

These are the largest layout shifts observed on the page. Each table item represents a single layout shift, and shows the element that shifted the most. Below each item are possible root causes that led to the layout shift. Some of these layout shifts may not be included in the CLS metric value due to windowing. Learn how to improve CLS

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Element	Layout shift score
Title Highlights `div#pageBody > div.configurable-layout > div.layout > div.column-group`	0.433
Product Information Books Journals Specialty Products Metadata: Title Lists… `body.home > div#contentWrapper > div#footerWrap`	0.427
Title Highlights `div#pageBody > div.configurable-layout > div.layout > div.column-group`	0.319
Cover Global Catholicism `div.slide > div.typography-body > div.component > div.cover`	0.318
1234 Title Highlights `div#contentWrapper > div#columnWrapper > div#pageBody > div.configurable-layout`	0.109

Time to Interactive is the amount of time it takes for the page to become fully interactive. Learn more about the Time to Interactive metric.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

TTI

The maximum potential First Input Delay that your users could experience is the duration of the longest task. Learn more about the Maximum Potential First Input Delay metric.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Diagnostics

Minifying JavaScript files can reduce payload sizes and script parse time. Learn how to minify JavaScript.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 350 ms 98.3 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
brill.com/assets/meta/z8c546d97/tapestry5/jquery.js	86.0 KiB	41.8 KiB
brill.com/assets/vendor/z569b5820/require.js	20.8 KiB	14.5 KiB
brill.com/assets/meta/z48b58321/tapestry5/scriptaculous_1_9_0/prototype.js	45.0 KiB	11.9 KiB
cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/config/default.js?V=2.7.9	10.8 KiB	9.9 KiB
brill.com/assets/meta/z38cab71/tapestry5/underscore-1.13.6.js	18.9 KiB	9.8 KiB
brill.com/modules.gz/t5/core/typeahead.js	13.6 KiB	5.8 KiB
brill.com/assets/responsive/zf0c61771/js/configurable-layout.js	6.0 KiB	2.6 KiB
brill.com/assets/meta/zca7ee6c7/tapestry5/scriptaculous_1_9_0/effects.js	8.5 KiB	2.0 KiB

Reduce unused rules from stylesheets and defer CSS not used for above-the-fold content to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused CSS.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 350 ms 132.3 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6-2F47E1D8F3...	135.2 KiB	132.3 KiB

Reduce unused JavaScript and defer loading scripts until they are required to decrease bytes consumed by network activity. Learn how to reduce unused JavaScript.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Estimated savings: 2.0 s 803.3 KiB

URL	Transfer Size	Est Savings
/ac0c8b7050ff/53829109e090/be752f2dce0c/challenge.js	501.1 KiB	277.7 KiB
brill.com/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6/js/skin-sync.min.js	186.2 KiB	122.8 KiB
brill.com/modules.gz/baseapp/combined-skin-min.js	125.6 KiB	106.9 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-7D0PQT340Y&cx=c&gtm=4e64h1	172.7 KiB	67.9 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-WF6V4F	143.1 KiB	61.0 KiB
brill.com/modules.gz/jquery-ui.js	66.3 KiB	58.6 KiB
brill.com/assets/vendor/z5ec668da/jquery-ui/jquery-ui.min.js	66.3 KiB	56.7 KiB
brill.com/assets/meta/z48b58321/tapestry5/scriptaculous_1_9_0/prototype.js	45.0 KiB	30.4 KiB
brill.com/assets/meta/z8c546d97/tapestry5/jquery.js	86.0 KiB	21.2 KiB

Consider reducing the time spent parsing, compiling, and executing JS. You may find delivering smaller JS payloads helps with this. Learn how to reduce Javascript execution time.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Total CPU Time	Script Evaluation	Script Parse
/ac0c8b7050ff/53829109e090/be752f2dce0c/challenge.js	766 ms	571 ms	110 ms
Unattributable	587 ms	113 ms	0.0 ms
brill.com/	435 ms	43 ms	17 ms
brill.com/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6/js/skin-sync.min.js	399 ms	296 ms	50 ms
brill.com/modules.gz/baseapp/combined-skin-min.js	382 ms	230 ms	30 ms
www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-WF6V4F	259 ms	208 ms	42 ms
www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-7D0PQT340Y&cx=c&gtm=4e64h1	259 ms	218 ms	39 ms
brill.com/assets/responsive/zf0c61771/js/configurable-layout.js	198 ms	170 ms	2.1 ms
brill.com/assets/vendor/z569b5820/require.js	167 ms	142 ms	6.8 ms
/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6-2F47E1D8F3...	95 ms	0.0 ms	0.0 ms
brill.com/assets/meta/z8c546d97/tapestry5/jquery.js	79 ms	48 ms	24 ms
brill.com/assets/vendor/z5ec668da/jquery-ui/jquery-ui.min.js	67 ms	43 ms	23 ms
cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@2/config/default.js?V=2.7.9	64 ms	59 ms	3.1 ms
pftag.scholarlyiq.com/siqpagetag.js	62 ms	61 ms	1.1 ms
brill.com/assets/meta/z48b58321/tapestry5/scriptaculous_1_9_0/prototype.js	61 ms	37 ms	16 ms
brill.com/modules.gz/jquery-ui.js	57 ms	30 ms	25 ms
www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js	52 ms	42 ms	4.8 ms

Consider reducing the time spent parsing, compiling and executing JS. You may find delivering smaller JS payloads helps with this. Learn how to minimize main-thread work

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Category	Time Spent
Script Evaluation	2.4 s
Other	673 ms
Script Parsing & Compilation	446 ms
Style & Layout	375 ms
Parse HTML & CSS	156 ms
Rendering	55 ms
Garbage Collection	41 ms

Large network payloads cost users real money and are highly correlated with long load times. Learn how to reduce payload sizes.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Transfer Size
brill.com/fileasset/home/home_hero_whm2026.png	1.7 MiB
brill.com/fileasset/home/home_dlcc.png	617.5 KiB
/ac0c8b7050ff/53829109e090/be752f2dce0c/challenge.js	501.5 KiB
brill.com/fileasset/home/home_hero_5.png	339.3 KiB
/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6/fonts/bril...	333.2 KiB
brill.com/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6/js/skin-sync.min.js	186.9 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-7D0PQT340Y&cx=c&gtm=4e64h1	172.8 KiB
www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-WF6V4F	143.5 KiB
/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6-2F47E1D8F3...	135.9 KiB
brill.com/modules.gz/baseapp/combined-skin-min.js	126.3 KiB

Set an explicit width and height on image elements to reduce layout shifts and improve CLS. Learn how to set image dimensions

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

	URL
div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img `div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img`	brill.com/fileasset/home/home_hero_whm2026.png
div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img `div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img`	brill.com/fileasset/home/home_hero_whm2026.png
div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img `div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img`	brill.com/fileasset/home/home_dlcc.png
div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img `div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img`	brill.com/fileasset/home/home_hero_default2025_eng.png
div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img `div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img`	brill.com/fileasset/home/home_hero_5.png
div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img `div.wrapper > div.image-container > a > img`	brill.com/fileasset/home/home_hero_5.png
Cover Modal Pragmatics `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F71221&width=200&type=webp
Cover Philosophy in the Islamic World `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F63085&width=200&type=webp
Cover Motus mixti et compositi: The Portrayal of Mixed and Compound Emotions in… `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F69968&width=200&type=webp
Cover Handbook of Chinese Migration to Europe `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F63002&width=200&type=webp
Cover International Investment Law and the Pandemic `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F64497&width=200&type=webp
Cover Le Labyrinthe littéraire de Mohamed Mbougar Sarr `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F70249&width=200&type=webp
Cover The Contemporary Elegy in World Literature `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F71417&width=200&type=webp
Cover France and the Destruction of the Jesuits, 1759–65 `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F60119&width=200&type=webp
Cover Le yiddish, l’inconscient, les langues `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F70130&width=200&type=webp
Cover The Church Fathers in Arabic Translations `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F71210&width=200&type=webp
Cover Ownership Regimes in the Iberian World (1500–1850) `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F71771&width=200&type=webp
Cover Handbook of Chinese Migration to Europe `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F63002&width=200&type=webp
Cover International Investment Law and the Pandemic `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F64497&width=200&type=webp
Cover International Perspectives on Teaching and Learning for Mathematical Lite… `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F61437&width=200&type=webp
Cover Global Catholicism `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F70393&width=200&type=webp
Cover Young Migrants and Plurilingualism in Schools `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F70843&width=200&type=webp
Cover Hegel und die Herausforderungen unserer Zeit / Facing the challenges of o… `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F61488&width=200&type=webp
Cover The Silent Peacemaker: Intellectual Property Rights and the Interwar Inte… `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F71296&width=200&type=webp
Cover Future Knowledge and Imperial Acceptance in Late Antique Historiography a… `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F71301&width=200&type=webp
Cover Dictionary of Taoist Internal Alchemy `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F70315&width=200&type=webp
Cover Sahidic Coptic Leviticus `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F64847&width=200&type=webp
Cover Velázquez, Painter & Curator `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F69619&width=200&type=webp
Cover Cattle Breeds of the World `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F59475&width=200&type=webp
Brill Logo `div.display-flex > div.display-flex > a.display-block > img`	brill.com/fileasset//fileasset/appbar/logo-brill-300x100-transparent-mobile.png

More information about the performance of your application. These numbers don't directly affect the Performance score.

●Optimize DOM size

●Forced reflow

●LCP breakdown

●Modern HTTP

●Optimize viewport for mobile

●Minify CSS

●User Timing marks and measures 5 user timings

●Avoid long main-thread tasks 17 long tasks found

●Page didn't prevent back/forward cache restoration

●Network Requests

●Network Round Trip Times 40 ms

●Server Backend Latencies 70 ms

●Tasks

●Diagnostics

●Metrics

●Screenshot Thumbnails

●Final Screenshot

●Script Treemap Data

●Resources Summary

○INP breakdown

○Avoid non-composited animations

Accessibility

These checks highlight opportunities to improve the accessibility of your web app. Automatic detection can only detect a subset of issues and does not guarantee the accessibility of your web app, so manual testing is also encouraged.

ARIA

Each ARIA `role` supports a specific subset of `aria-*` attributes. Mismatching these invalidates the `aria-*` attributes. Learn how to match ARIA attributes to their roles.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
1 `div#static-slider > div.slider > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide00`

Some ARIA parent roles must contain specific child roles to perform their intended accessibility functions. Learn more about roles and required children elements.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
1234 `div.pattern-library-style-root > div#static-slider > div.slider > ul.slick-dots`

Assistive technologies, like screen readers, can't interpret ARIA attributes with invalid values. Learn more about valid values for ARIA attributes.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
1 `div#static-slider > div.slider > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide00`

Focusable descendents within an `[aria-hidden="true"]` element prevent those interactive elements from being available to users of assistive technologies like screen readers. Learn how `aria-hidden` affects focusable elements.

Why this matters

Informational: a Permissions-Policy directive showing feature -> allowed origins.

Source: MDN Permissions-Policy

Failing Elements
2 `div#static-slider > div.slider > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide01`
3 `div#static-slider > div.slider > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide02`
4 `div#static-slider > div.slider > ul.slick-dots > li#slick-slide03`

When an input field doesn't have an accessible name, screen readers announce it with a generic name, making it unusable for users who rely on screen readers. Learn more about input field labels.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
div#static-slider > div.slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track `div#static-slider > div.slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track`
Cover Handbook of Chinese Migration to Europe `div.content-box-body > div.slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track`

When a toggle field doesn't have an accessible name, screen readers announce it with a generic name, making it unusable for users who rely on screen readers. Learn more about toggle fields.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
div.slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track > div.slide1 `div.slider > div.slick-list > div.slick-track > div.slide1`

These are opportunities to improve the usage of ARIA in your application which may enhance the experience for users of assistive technology, like a screen reader.

Names and labels

Link text (and alternate text for images, when used as links) that is discernible, unique, and focusable improves the navigation experience for screen reader users. Learn how to make links accessible.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
div.slide1 > div.wrapper > div.image-container > a `div.slide1 > div.wrapper > div.image-container > a`

These are opportunities to improve the semantics of the controls in your application. This may enhance the experience for users of assistive technology, like a screen reader.

○Interactive controls are keyboard focusable

○Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state

○The page has a logical tab order

○Visual order on the page follows DOM order

○User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region

○The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page

○HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation

○Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology

○Custom controls have associated labels

○Custom controls have ARIA roles

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`

●`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes

●`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element

●`[role]` values are valid

●`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled

●Buttons have an accessible name

●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes

●`[user-scalable="no"]` is not used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element and the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is not less than 5.

●ARIA attributes are used as specified for the element's role

●Elements use only permitted ARIA attributes

●Background and foreground colors have a sufficient contrast ratio

●Document has a `<title>` element

●`<html>` element has a `[lang]` attribute

●`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute

●No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0

●Touch targets have sufficient size and spacing.

●Heading elements appear in a sequentially-descending order

●Document has a main landmark.

●Deprecated ARIA roles were not used

○`[accesskey]` values are unique

○`button`, `link`, and `menuitem` elements have accessible names

○Elements with `role="dialog"` or `role="alertdialog"` have accessible names.

○ARIA `meter` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `progressbar` elements have accessible names

○Elements with the `role=text` attribute do not have focusable descendents.

○ARIA `tooltip` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `treeitem` elements have accessible names

○The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region

○`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.

○Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements

○ARIA IDs are unique

○No form fields have multiple labels

○`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title

○`<html>` element has an `[xml:lang]` attribute with the same base language as the `[lang]` attribute.

○Input buttons have discernible text.

○`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text

○Form elements have associated labels

○Links are distinguishable without relying on color.

○Lists contain only `<li>` elements and script supporting elements (`<script>` and `<template>`).

○List items (`<li>`) are contained within `<ul>`, `<ol>` or `<menu>` parent elements

○The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`

○`<object>` elements have alternate text

○Select elements have associated label elements.

○Skip links are focusable.

○Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.

○`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.

○`[lang]` attributes have a valid value

○`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`

○Tables have different content in the summary attribute and `<caption>`.

○All heading elements contain content.

○Uses ARIA roles only on compatible elements

○Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes that are redundant text.

○Identical links have the same purpose.

○Elements with visible text labels have matching accessible names.

○Tables use `<caption>` instead of cells with the `[colspan]` attribute to indicate a caption.

○`<td>` elements in a large `<table>` have one or more table headers.

Best Practices

User Experience

Image natural dimensions should be proportional to the display size and the pixel ratio to maximize image clarity. Learn how to provide responsive images.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

	URL	Displayed size	Actual size	Expected size
Cover Philosophy in the Islamic World `div.cover > a > picture > img`	brill.com/coverimage?doc=%2Ftitle%2F63085&width=200&type=webp	330 x 504	200 x 306	495 x 756
Brill Logo `div.display-flex > div.display-flex > a.display-block > img`	brill.com/fileasset//fileasset/appbar/logo-brill-300x100-transparent-mobile.png	268 x 89	300 x 100	402 x 134

General

Deprecated APIs will eventually be removed from the browser. Learn more about deprecated APIs.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Deprecation / Warning	Source
SharedStorage	brill.com/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6/js/skin-sync.min.js

Errors logged to the console indicate unresolved problems. They can come from network request failures and other browser concerns. Learn more about this errors in console diagnostic audit

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Source	Description
brill.com/favicon.ico	`Failed to load resource: the server responded with a status of 404 ()`
brill.com/	`Refused to apply style from 'https://brill.com/staticcss/cms/patternTemplate/styles.css?cssPrefix=div.pattern-library-style-root' because its MIME type ('text/html') is not a supported stylesheet MIME type, and strict MIME checking is enabled.`
brill.com/	`Refused to apply style from 'https://brill.com/staticcss/cms/patternTemplate/styles.css?cssPrefix=div.pattern-library-style-root' because its MIME type ('text/html') is not a supported stylesheet MIME type, and strict MIME checking is enabled.`

Source maps translate minified code to the original source code. This helps developers debug in production. In addition, Lighthouse is able to provide further insights. Consider deploying source maps to take advantage of these benefits. Learn more about source maps.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

URL	Map URL
brill.com/skin/63bd09df2089723e864c7521e8629d62162546e6/js/skin-sync.min.js
brill.com/modules.gz/baseapp/combined-skin-min.js	brill.com/modules.gz/baseapp/pf2-skin-combined.min.js.map
brill.com/assets/meta/z38cab71/tapestry5/underscore-1.13.6.js	brill.com/assets/meta/z38cab71/tapestry5/underscore-umd.js.map

●Uses HTTPS

●Avoids third-party cookies

●Allows users to paste into input fields

●Avoids requesting the geolocation permission on page load

●Avoids requesting the notification permission on page load

●Displays images with correct aspect ratio

●Page has the HTML doctype

●Properly defines charset

●No issues in the `Issues` panel in Chrome Devtools

●Ensure CSP is effective against XSS attacks

●Use a strong HSTS policy

●Ensure proper origin isolation with COOP

●Mitigate DOM-based XSS with Trusted Types

●Detected JavaScript libraries

○Redirects HTTP traffic to HTTPS

○Mitigate clickjacking with XFO or CSP

100

SEO

These checks ensure that your page is following basic search engine optimization advice. There are many additional factors Lighthouse does not score here that may affect your search ranking, including performance on Core Web Vitals. Learn more about Google Search Essentials.

○Structured data is valid

●Page isn’t blocked from indexing

●Document has a `<title>` element

●Document has a meta description

●Page has successful HTTP status code

●Links have descriptive text

●Links are crawlable

●Image elements have `[alt]` attributes

●Document has a valid `hreflang`

●Document has a valid `rel=canonical`

○robots.txt is valid