Accessibility

· 13 checks — Landmarks, headings, alt text, forms, and link quality rolled into one auditable list.

SCORE

GRADE

FIX

REVIEW

PASS

INFO

Checks

2 PASS 4 REVIEW 7 FIX

Heading Hierarchy

Action

31 headings, 2 skip(s)

FIX

31 headings, 2 skip(s)

No H1 heading found

Every page should have one H1 that describes the page content.

Heading level skipped: H2 → H5 (missing H3)

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.

Heading level skipped: H2 → H5 (missing H3)

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.

H2 World's first Open Access book publisher
H2 IntechOpen Book Series
H2 IntechOpen Book Series
H2 IntechOpen Book Series
H2 IntechOpen Book Series
H5 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy for Natural Fibres skipped
H2 IntechOpen Series
H2 Our Community at the Forefront of Scientific Discovery
H2 Our Publications and Subjects
H3 Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology
H3 Life Sciences
H3 Health Sciences
H3 Social Sciences and Humanities
H2 Benefits of Publishing with Us
H3 Author in the Centre
H3 Peer-review
H3 Online First
H3 Open Access
H2 11,600+ Research Institutions Support Open Access at IntechOpen
H5 20 Years of Open Access Books: A Milestone for IntechOpen skipped
H5 IntechOpen Among First Publishers to Go Live with OA Switchboard Books Solution
H5 IntechOpen Marked 7,500th OA Book Release with 'Climate Policies,' Co-edited by Members of Nobel Peace Prize-Winning IPCC Team
H5 ResearchGate and IntechOpen Announce New Journal Home Partnership
H5 IntechOpen Presents Interviews for Young Scientists with Science's Leading Minds
H5 IntechOpen Reaches New Milestone: 7,000 Books Open for All
H5 IntechOpen Signs Open Access Institutional Agreement with Iowa State University
H5 IntechOpen Becomes a UKSG Member
H5 IntechOpen Book Wins the 2022 International Academy of Astronautics Life Science Book Award
H5 IntechOpen Retains Its Dominant Position in Growing OA Market
H2 Memberships And Partnerships
H3 Your cart

Every page should have one H1 that describes the page content.

Why this matters

No H1 means screen-reader users can't identify the page's primary topic, and Google's content-extraction degrades.

Learn more ▾

The H1 is the document title for assistive tech and a strong signal to search engines about page topic. Pages without one force screen readers to fall back to the <title> attribute or page chrome. Add a single H1 that names the page's primary subject.

Source: WCAG 2.4.6 / Google Search Central

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.

Why this matters

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline — screen-reader users lose track of section nesting.

Learn more ▾

Screen reader users navigate by jumping between headings (H1 → H2 → H3). Skipping (H1 → H3) breaks the sense of hierarchy. Use sequential levels even if you don't like the default styling — restyle with CSS instead. WCAG 1.3.1 (Info and Relationships) treats this as an A failure.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 1.3.1 / W3C WAI

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline. Screen readers may interpret missing levels as structural errors.

Why this matters

Skipping heading levels breaks the document outline — screen-reader users lose track of section nesting.

Learn more ▾

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 1.3.1 / W3C WAI

Alt Text Quality

Action

29 of 147 images have issues

FIX

29 of 147 images have issues

28 image(s) missing alt attribute

Images without alt text are invisible to screen readers.

1 image-in-link without alt text

An image inside a link with no alt creates an empty link.

1 image(s) with generic alt text

21 decorative image(s) correctly marked

97 image(s) with good alt text

147 images 97 good alt text 21 decorative 1 generic 28 missing

Issue	Count
missing	28 image(s)
generic	1 image(s)

Images without alt text are invisible to screen readers.

Why this matters

Each image without alt text is a WCAG 1.1.1 failure — invisible to screen-reader users, lost from Google Image Search.

Learn more ▾

WCAG 2.1 Level A requires text alternatives for non-decorative images. Empty alt='' is fine for decorative; meaningful images need descriptive text. Common fixes: CMS audit + bulk add, build-time linter (alt-text-required ESLint rule), CI gate on Lighthouse a11y score.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 1.1.1 / WebAIM Million Report

An image inside a link with no alt creates an empty link.

Why this matters

Image-only links with no alt create empty links — screen-reader users hear 'link' with no destination context.

Learn more ▾

An <a><img></a> with no img alt is the worst-case for accessibility: AT announces the link but can't describe where it goes. Either add alt to the image OR add aria-label to the link.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 2.4.4

Form Accessibility

Action

6 of 11 controls have issues

FIX

6 of 11 controls have issues

4 control(s) without accessible label

Form controls need a <label>, aria-label, or aria-labelledby for screen readers.

Got: <input type="checkbox" id="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonNecessaryInline">; <input type="checkbox" id="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonPreferencesInline">; <input type="checkbox" id="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonStatisticsInline">; <input type="checkbox" id="CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonMarketingInline">

2 control(s) rely on placeholder only

Placeholder text disappears on focus and is not a reliable label.

Got: <input>; <input>

5 control(s) properly labeled

11 controls

5 labeled

2 placeholder only

4 unlabeled

Control	Type	Label	Method
#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonNecessary	checkbox	Necessary	for/id
#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonPreferences	checkbox	Preferences	for/id
#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonStatistics	checkbox	Statistics	for/id
#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonMarketing	checkbox	Marketing	for/id
#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyContentCheckboxPersonalInformation	checkbox	Do not sell or share my personal information	for/id
input	input	(Search)	placeholder only
input	input	(Search)	placeholder only
#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonMarketingInline	checkbox	(none)	none
#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonNecessaryInline	checkbox	(none)	none
#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonPreferencesInline	checkbox	(none)	none
#CybotCookiebotDialogBodyLevelButtonStatisticsInline	checkbox	(none)	none

Form controls need a <label>, aria-label, or aria-labelledby for screen readers.

Why this matters

Form controls without labels — assistive tech announces 'edit text' with no context; users can't complete forms.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 3.3.2

Placeholder text disappears on focus and is not a reliable label.

Why this matters

Placeholder-only labels disappear when the user starts typing — they must remember what the field was for.

Learn more ▾

Placeholders are NOT labels. They vanish on input, fail color contrast checks (most are gray), and don't satisfy WCAG SC 3.3.2. Always use a real <label> alongside (or aria-labelledby).

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 3.3.2 / Nielsen Norman

Link & Button Quality

Action

17 issue(s) across 216 links and 22 buttons

FIX

17 issue(s) across 216 links and 22 buttons

4 link(s) with no accessible text

Links without text are announced as raw URLs by screen readers.

Got: /journals; https://www.intechopen.com/journals/1; https://www.intechopen.com/journals/4; https://www.intechopen.com/journals/7

11 link(s) with generic text

Generic link text like 'click here' doesn't describe the destination.

Got: /how-open-access-publishing-with-intechopen-works ("Learn More"); /news/20-years-of-open-access-books-a-milestone-for-intechopen-20251218 ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-among-first-publishers-to-go-live-with-oa-switchboard-books-… ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-marked-7-500th-oa-book-release-with-climate-policies-co-edit… ("Read more"); /news/researchgate-and-intechopen-announce-new-journal-home-partnership-20250325 ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-presents-interviews-for-young-scientists-with-science-s-lead… ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-reaches-new-milestone-7-000-books-open-for-all-20240522 ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-signs-open-access-institutional-agreement-with-iowa-state-un… ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-becomes-a-uksg-member-20230607 ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-book-wins-the-2022-international-academy-of-astronautics-lif… ("Read more") (+1 more)

4 image-only link(s) without alt text

Image-only links need alt text on the image (or aria-label on the link) so screen readers can announce them.

Got: a[href="/publish"]; a[href="/books"]; a[href="/publish"]; a[href="/books"]

40 link(s) open in new tab without warning

Add '(opens in new tab)' to link text or aria-label.

Got: https://www.cookiebot.com/en/what-is-behind-powered-by-cookiebot/?utm_source=…; https://site.adform.com/privacy-center/platform-privacy/opt-out/; https://www.adobe.com/privacy.html; https://www.nextroll.com/privacy; https://www.beeswax.com/cookies/; https://www.iponweb.com/policies-legal/bidswitch-privacy-policy/; http://brand-display.com/; http://www.casalemedia.com/; https://www.cookiebot.com/goto/privacy-policy/; https://crimtan.com/privacy/ (+30 more)

2 button(s) with no accessible text

Icon-only buttons need an aria-label so screen readers can announce them.

Got: button.nav-btn (#2153 on page); button.nav-btn (#2155 on page)

157 link(s) with descriptive text

216 links

4 empty

11 generic text

40 new tab

2 empty buttons

Element	Text	Issue	Suggested Fix
https://www.cookiebot.com/en/what-is-beh…	Cookiebot by Usercentrics - op…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://site.adform.com/privacy-center/p…	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.adobe.com/privacy.html	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.nextroll.com/privacy	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.beeswax.com/cookies/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.iponweb.com/policies-legal/b…	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
http://brand-display.com/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
http://www.casalemedia.com/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.cookiebot.com/goto/privacy-p…	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://crimtan.com/privacy/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.criteo.com/privacy/corporate…	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
http://exponential.com/privacy/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://business.safety.google/privacy/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.linkedin.com/legal/privacy-p…	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.media.net/privacy-policy	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.nativo.com/privacy-policy	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://policies.oath.com/us/en/oath/pri…	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.openx.com/legal/privacy-poli…	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.quantcast.com/privacy/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://simpli.fi/site-privacy-policy/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://sonobi.com/privacy-policy/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://business.safety.google/privacy/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://zetaglobal.com/privacy-policy/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.linkedin.com/legal/privacy-p…	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.quantcast.com/privacy/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.adobe.com/privacy.html	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://iqm.com/location-privacy	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.taptapnetworks.com/privacy_p…	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://business.safety.google/privacy/	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://iqm.com/location-privacy	Learn more about this provider…	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.cookiebot.com	Cookiebot	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://auth.intechopen.com/?referer=sf&…	Author Panel	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://auth.intechopen.com/?referer=www…	Login	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
/publish	SUBMIT YOUR WORK	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
/books	EXPLORE PUBLICATIONS	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
/publish	SUBMIT YOUR WORK	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
/books	EXPLORE PUBLICATIONS	img no alt	Add alt attribute to the image
/journals	(empty)	empty	Add link text or aria-label
https://www.intechopen.com/journals/1	(empty)	empty	Add link text or aria-label
https://www.intechopen.com/journals/4	(empty)	empty	Add link text or aria-label
https://www.intechopen.com/journals/7	(empty)	empty	Add link text or aria-label
/how-open-access-publishing-with-intecho…	Learn More	generic text	Replace with descriptive text
Before: Learn More Suggested: How Open Access Publishing With Intechopen Works
/news/20-years-of-open-access-books-a-mi…	Read more	generic text	Replace with descriptive text
Before: Read more Suggested: 20 Years Of Open Access Books A Milestone For Intechopen 20251218
/news/intechopen-among-first-publishers-…	Read more	generic text	Replace with descriptive text
Before: Read more Suggested: Intechopen Among First Publishers To Go Live With Oa Switchboard Books Solution 20251016
/news/intechopen-marked-7-500th-oa-book-…	Read more	generic text	Replace with descriptive text
Before: Read more Suggested: Intechopen Marked 7 500th Oa Book Release With Climate Policies Co Edited By Members Of Nobel Peace Prize Winning Ipcc Team 20250423
/news/researchgate-and-intechopen-announ…	Read more	generic text	Replace with descriptive text
Before: Read more Suggested: Researchgate And Intechopen Announce New Journal Home Partnership 20250325
/news/intechopen-presents-interviews-for…	Read more	generic text	Replace with descriptive text
Before: Read more Suggested: Intechopen Presents Interviews For Young Scientists With Science S Leading Minds 20240708
/news/intechopen-reaches-new-milestone-7…	Read more	generic text	Replace with descriptive text
Before: Read more Suggested: Intechopen Reaches New Milestone 7 000 Books Open For All 20240522
/news/intechopen-signs-open-access-insti…	Read more	generic text	Replace with descriptive text
Before: Read more Suggested: Intechopen Signs Open Access Institutional Agreement With Iowa State University 20240311
/news/intechopen-becomes-a-uksg-member-2…	Read more	generic text	Replace with descriptive text
Before: Read more Suggested: Intechopen Becomes A Uksg Member 20230607
/news/intechopen-book-wins-the-2022-inte…	Read more	generic text	Replace with descriptive text
Before: Read more Suggested: Intechopen Book Wins The 2022 International Academy Of Astronautics Life Science Book Award 20230328
/news/intechopen-retains-its-dominant-po…	Read more	generic text	Replace with descriptive text
Before: Read more Suggested: Intechopen Retains Its Dominant Position In Growing Oa Market 20230217
https://twitter.com/intechopen	Twitter	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.facebook.com/IntechOpen	Facebook	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.linkedin.com/company/intecho…	LinkedIn	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.instagram.com/intechopen/	Instagram	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://bsky.app/profile/intechopen.com	Instagram	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://www.youtube.com/@IntechOA	Instagram	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
https://auth.intechopen.com/?referer=sf&…	Author Panel Sign in	new tab	Add '(opens in new tab)' to text
<button>	(empty)	empty	Add button text or aria-label
<button>	(empty)	empty	Add button text or aria-label

177 links and buttons have descriptive text

Links without text are announced as raw URLs by screen readers.

/journals; https://www.intechopen.com/journals/1; https://www.intechopen.com/journals/4; https://www.intechopen.com/journals/7

Why this matters

Links with no accessible text (empty <a></a>, image-only no alt, icon-only no aria-label) are unidentifiable to screen readers.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 2.4.4

Generic link text like 'click here' doesn't describe the destination.

/how-open-access-publishing-with-intechopen-works ("Learn More"); /news/20-years-of-open-access-books-a-milestone-for-intechopen-20251218 ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-among-first-publishers-to-go-live-with-oa-switchboard-books-… ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-marked-7-500th-oa-book-release-with-climate-policies-co-edit… ("Read more"); /news/researchgate-and-intechopen-announce-new-journal-home-partnership-20250325 ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-presents-interviews-for-young-scientists-with-science-s-lead… ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-reaches-new-milestone-7-000-books-open-for-all-20240522 ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-signs-open-access-institutional-agreement-with-iowa-state-un… ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-becomes-a-uksg-member-20230607 ("Read more"); /news/intechopen-book-wins-the-2022-international-academy-of-astronautics-lif… ("Read more") (+1 more)

Why this matters

Generic anchor text ('click here', 'read more', 'learn more') tells screen readers and search engines nothing about the destination.

Learn more ▾

Out-of-context lists of links read by AT (one navigation pattern) become useless when every link says 'click here'. Use the destination's title or topic as anchor text. Doubles as SEO win — Google passes anchor-text relevance to the destination.

Source: WCAG 2.4.4 / Google Search Central

Image-only links need alt text on the image (or aria-label on the link) so screen readers can announce them.

a[href="/publish"]; a[href="/books"]; a[href="/publish"]; a[href="/books"]

Why this matters

Image-only links with no alt are unidentifiable to screen-reader users — link's destination is invisible.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 2.4.4

Add '(opens in new tab)' to link text or aria-label.

https://www.cookiebot.com/en/what-is-behind-powered-by-cookiebot/?utm_source=…; https://site.adform.com/privacy-center/platform-privacy/opt-out/; https://www.adobe.com/privacy.html; https://www.nextroll.com/privacy; https://www.beeswax.com/cookies/; https://www.iponweb.com/policies-legal/bidswitch-privacy-policy/; http://brand-display.com/; http://www.casalemedia.com/; https://www.cookiebot.com/goto/privacy-policy/; https://crimtan.com/privacy/ (+30 more)

Why this matters

Links with target="_blank" without rel="noopener" leak the originating page's window context — security and UX issue.

Learn more ▾

Without rel="noopener", the new tab can navigate the original tab via window.opener (tab-nabbing attack). Modern browsers default to noopener for target=_blank but only since recent versions. Always set rel="noopener noreferrer" explicitly.

Source: MDN target / OWASP

Icon-only buttons need an aria-label so screen readers can announce them.

button.nav-btn (#2153 on page); button.nav-btn (#2155 on page)

Why this matters

Buttons with no accessible text (icon-only, no aria-label) can't be activated by voice control or understood by screen readers.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 4.1.2

Dark Mode Support

Action

Theme color only

FIX

Theme color only

Theme-color present but no dark variant

A theme-color is set but no dark-specific variant was found. The browser toolbar may not adapt for dark mode users.

Got: #ffffff

No dark mode signals detected

Consider adding CSS with @media (prefers-color-scheme: dark) and <meta name='color-scheme' content='light dark'>.

Detection limited to meta tags and inline styles

External CSS files may contain prefers-color-scheme rules not visible to this scan.

Dark ModePartial Dark Mode

color-scheme meta Not set ✗Dark theme-color Not set ✗CSS indicators Not detected ✗

Detection limited to meta tags and inline styles.

Print Stylesheet

Action

No print styles

FIX

No print styles

No print-specific styles detected

When users print this page, they get the screen layout including navigation and non-essential elements. Add @media print rules to hide navigation and optimize layout for paper.

Print Stylesheet No Print Styles

Print stylesheet Not found ✗Inline @media print Not detected ✗

Navigation UX

Action

No navigation patterns

FIX

No navigation patterns

1 navigation landmark(s) detected

No breadcrumbs, search, or skip link detected

These navigation aids help users orient themselves and find content efficiently, especially on large sites.

Breadcrumbs

Skip Link

Labeled Navigation 1 <nav> element(s)

Hamburger Menu

Sticky Navigation Cannot reliably detect (CSS-based)

1 of 6 testable patterns navigation patterns detected. Limited navigation support. Consider adding breadcrumbs, search, and skip link.

Landmark Structure

Action

4 landmarks

REVIEW

4 landmarks

No <main> landmark found

Screen reader users cannot quickly navigate to the primary content. Wrap your main content in <main>.

1 <nav> landmark(s) found

Skip navigation link is missing (WCAG 2.4.1)

Add a skip link as the first focusable element so keyboard users can bypass repeated navigation.

Page Structure — as a screen reader sees it

Screen reader users cannot quickly navigate to the primary content. Wrap your main content in <main>.

Why this matters

Without a <main> landmark, screen-reader users can't skip past the navigation to the page content — every page starts with re-reading the menu.

Learn more ▾

The <main> element marks the page's primary content area. Assistive tech offers a 'jump to main' shortcut — but only if <main> exists. Without it, every page navigation forces re-reading the header. Wrap your primary content in a single <main>.

Source: WAI-ARIA / WCAG 2.4.1

Add a skip link as the first focusable element so keyboard users can bypass repeated navigation.

Why this matters

Without a skip-nav link, keyboard users tab through every nav item before reaching content — every page, every visit.

Learn more ▾

WCAG 2.4.1 (Bypass Blocks) requires a mechanism to skip past repeated content. The standard implementation is a 'Skip to main content' link that's the first focusable element, visually hidden until focused. Three lines of HTML + four of CSS.

Source: WCAG 2.1 SC 2.4.1

404 Error Page

Action

HTTP 404, custom page

REVIEW

HTTP 404, custom page

Correct 404 status code returned

Got: HTTP 404

Custom styled 404 page

404 Page Quality ✓ Custom 404 Page

Status Code HTTP 404 ✓Page Title IntechOpen - Page not found ✓Custom Styling ✓Navigation ✗Homepage Link ✗Search Form ✗

Favicon & Branding

6 icon(s) detected

REVIEW

6 icon(s) detected

favicon.ico present at site root

HTML icon links detected

Apple touch icon present

Multiple icon sizes detected

✓ favicon.ico Present

✓ PNG Icons Present

✓ Apple Touch Present

✗ SVG Favicon Missing

✓ Manifest Icons Present

✓ Multiple Sizes Present

Web Manifest

Action

Valid manifest

REVIEW

Valid manifest

No name or short_name

Add a name field to identify the app.

192x192 icon present

512x512 icon present

Display mode: standalone

PWA Install Criteria Not Installable

Name ✗192×192 icon ✓512×512 icon ✓Start URL ✗Display Mode standalone ✓

Display Mode standalone Theme Color #ffffff Background Color #ffffff Icons 2 icon(s)

A+

Color Contrast (Screenshot)

20 text elements analyzed, 0 fail WCAG AA

PASS

Analyzes text contrast against the actual rendered page, including background images, gradients, and overlays that CSS-based tools cannot detect.

20 pass

Show all checked elements (20)

Element	Ratio	Required	FG	BG	Result
h2 World's first Open A…	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h2 IntechOpen Book Seri…	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h2 IntechOpen Book Seri…	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h2 IntechOpen Book Seri…	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h2 IntechOpen Book Seri…	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h2 IntechOpen Series	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h2 Our Community at the…	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h2 Our Publications and…	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h2 Benefits of Publishi…	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h2 Research Institution…	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h2 Memberships And Part…	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h3 Physical Sciences, E…	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h3 Life Sciences	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h3 Health Sciences	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h3 Social Sciences and …	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h3 Author in the Centre	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h3 Peer-review	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h3 Online First	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h3 Open Access	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass
h3 Your cart	16.52:1	3.0:1	#000000	#E6E5D4	Pass

Methodology: The top 20 text elements by font size were checked. Background color was sampled from the desktop screenshot using a 5-point pattern. WCAG 2.1 AA requires 4.5:1 for normal text and 3:1 for large text.

Lighthouse Accessibility Audits

Score 90/100 — 3 failing, 29 passed

PASS

Accessibility

These checks highlight opportunities to improve the accessibility of your web app. Automatic detection can only detect a subset of issues and does not guarantee the accessibility of your web app, so manual testing is also encouraged.

Names and labels

Informative elements should aim for short, descriptive alternate text. Decorative elements can be ignored with an empty alt attribute. Learn more about the `alt` attribute.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
div.ParallaxElement > div.book > div.book__label > img.nobel-icon `div.ParallaxElement > div.book > div.book__label > img.nobel-icon`
div.ParallaxElement > div.book > div.book__label > img.nobel-icon `div.ParallaxElement > div.book > div.book__label > img.nobel-icon`
div.ParallaxElement > div.book > div.book__label > img.nobel-icon `div.ParallaxElement > div.book > div.book__label > img.nobel-icon`
div.book > div.two-tags > div.nobel > img.nobel-icon `div.book > div.two-tags > div.nobel > img.nobel-icon`
div.subject-card > div.subject-card__inner > div.subject-card__header > img `div.subject-card > div.subject-card__inner > div.subject-card__header > img`
div.subject-card > div.subject-card__inner > div.subject-card__header > img `div.subject-card > div.subject-card__inner > div.subject-card__header > img`
div.subject-card > div.subject-card__inner > div.subject-card__header > img `div.subject-card > div.subject-card__inner > div.subject-card__header > img`
div.subject-card > div.subject-card__inner > div.subject-card__header > img `div.subject-card > div.subject-card__inner > div.subject-card__header > img`
section#journals > div.journals > a > img.journals-logo--small `section#journals > div.journals > a > img.journals-logo--small`
div.journal-cards > div.journal > div.journal-card > img.journal-card--img `div.journal-cards > div.journal > div.journal-card > img.journal-card--img`
div.journal > div.journal-card > div.journal-info > img.journal-info--img-vertical `div.journal > div.journal-card > div.journal-info > img.journal-info--img-vertical`
div.journal-cards > div.journal > div.journal-card > img.journal-card--img `div.journal-cards > div.journal > div.journal-card > img.journal-card--img`
div.journal > div.journal-card > div.journal-info > img.journal-info--img-vertical `div.journal > div.journal-card > div.journal-info > img.journal-info--img-vertical`
div.journal-cards > div.journal > div.journal-card > img.journal-card--img `div.journal-cards > div.journal > div.journal-card > img.journal-card--img`
div.journal > div.journal-card > div.journal-info > img.journal-info--img-vertical `div.journal > div.journal-card > div.journal-info > img.journal-info--img-vertical`
div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img `div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img`
div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img `div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img`
div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img `div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img`
div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img `div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img`
div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img `div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img`
div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img `div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img`
div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img `div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img`
div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img `div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img`
div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img `div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img`
div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img `div.swiper-wrapper > div.swiper-slide > div.news-slider__item > img.news-slider__img`

Link text (and alternate text for images, when used as links) that is discernible, unique, and focusable improves the navigation experience for screen reader users. Learn how to make links accessible.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
div.home > section#journals > div.journals > a `div.home > section#journals > div.journals > a`
div.journal-card > div.journal-info > div.journal-info__data > a.icon-arrow `div.journal-card > div.journal-info > div.journal-info__data > a.icon-arrow`
div.journal-card > div.journal-info > div.journal-info__data > a.icon-arrow `div.journal-card > div.journal-info > div.journal-info__data > a.icon-arrow`
div.journal-card > div.journal-info > div.journal-info__data > a.icon-arrow `div.journal-card > div.journal-info > div.journal-info__data > a.icon-arrow`

These are opportunities to improve the semantics of the controls in your application. This may enhance the experience for users of assistive technology, like a screen reader.

Best practices

Touch targets with sufficient size and spacing help users who may have difficulty targeting small controls to activate the targets. Learn more about touch targets.

Why this matters

Performance issues directly impact user engagement and conversion rates.

Failing Elements
View All Institutions `section.institutions > div.institutions__container > div.info > a.link`

These items highlight common accessibility best practices.

○Interactive controls are keyboard focusable

○Interactive elements indicate their purpose and state

○The page has a logical tab order

○Visual order on the page follows DOM order

○User focus is not accidentally trapped in a region

○The user's focus is directed to new content added to the page

○HTML5 landmark elements are used to improve navigation

○Offscreen content is hidden from assistive technology

○Custom controls have associated labels

○Custom controls have ARIA roles

●`[aria-*]` attributes match their roles

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` is not present on the document `<body>`

●`[role]`s have all required `[aria-*]` attributes

●Elements with an ARIA `[role]` that require children to contain a specific `[role]` have all required children.

●`[role]`s are contained by their required parent element

●`[role]` values are valid

●`[aria-*]` attributes have valid values

●`[aria-*]` attributes are valid and not misspelled

●Buttons have an accessible name

●Form elements have associated labels

●`[user-scalable="no"]` is not used in the `<meta name="viewport">` element and the `[maximum-scale]` attribute is not less than 5.

●`button`, `link`, and `menuitem` elements have accessible names

●ARIA attributes are used as specified for the element's role

●Elements with `role="dialog"` or `role="alertdialog"` have accessible names.

●`[aria-hidden="true"]` elements do not contain focusable descendents

●Elements use only permitted ARIA attributes

●Background and foreground colors have a sufficient contrast ratio

●Document has a `<title>` element

●`<html>` element has a `[lang]` attribute

●`<html>` element has a valid value for its `[lang]` attribute

●Lists contain only `<li>` elements and script supporting elements (`<script>` and `<template>`).

●List items (`<li>`) are contained within `<ul>`, `<ol>` or `<menu>` parent elements

●No element has a `[tabindex]` value greater than 0

●`[lang]` attributes have a valid value

●Heading elements appear in a sequentially-descending order

●Document has a main landmark.

●Deprecated ARIA roles were not used

●`<video>` elements contain a `<track>` element with `[kind="captions"]`

●Identical links have the same purpose.

○`[accesskey]` values are unique

○ARIA input fields have accessible names

○ARIA `meter` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `progressbar` elements have accessible names

○Elements with the `role=text` attribute do not have focusable descendents.

○ARIA toggle fields have accessible names

○ARIA `tooltip` elements have accessible names

○ARIA `treeitem` elements have accessible names

○The page contains a heading, skip link, or landmark region

○`<dl>`'s contain only properly-ordered `<dt>` and `<dd>` groups, `<script>`, `<template>` or `<div>` elements.

○Definition list items are wrapped in `<dl>` elements

○ARIA IDs are unique

○No form fields have multiple labels

○`<frame>` or `<iframe>` elements have a title

○`<html>` element has an `[xml:lang]` attribute with the same base language as the `[lang]` attribute.

○Input buttons have discernible text.

○`<input type="image">` elements have `[alt]` text

○Links are distinguishable without relying on color.

○The document does not use `<meta http-equiv="refresh">`

○`<object>` elements have alternate text

○Select elements have associated label elements.

○Skip links are focusable.

○Cells in a `<table>` element that use the `[headers]` attribute refer to table cells within the same table.

○`<th>` elements and elements with `[role="columnheader"/"rowheader"]` have data cells they describe.

○Tables have different content in the summary attribute and `<caption>`.

○All heading elements contain content.

○Uses ARIA roles only on compatible elements

○Image elements do not have `[alt]` attributes that are redundant text.

○Elements with visible text labels have matching accessible names.

○Tables use `<caption>` instead of cells with the `[colspan]` attribute to indicate a caption.

○`<td>` elements in a large `<table>` have one or more table headers.

All checks on this page are automated. Results are estimates - run targeted manual reviews when the score affects a release decision.